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A Review of SDI Literature: Searching for Signs of Inverse Infrastructures 27th

A Review of SDI Literature: Searching for Signs of Inverse I...

引用

27th International Cartographic Conference (ICC)

作者： Coetzee, Serena Wolff-Piggott, Brendon Univ Pretoria Dept Geog Geoinformat & Meteorol Ctr Geoinformat Sci Pretoria South Africa Univ Cape Town Dept Informat Syst Cape Town South Africa

ISBN: (纸本)9783319177380;9783319177373

Many of today's infrastructures, such as railways and electricity utilities, originate from the 1800s and evolved into public services with centralized bureaucratic operations subject to government regulation, termed large-scale technical systems (LTS). In contrast, inverse infrastructures are user-driven, self-organizing infrastructures with decentralized governance where development is influenced from the bottom-up. In this chapter, a longitudinal review of peer-reviewed SDI research is presented in search of signs of inverse infrastructures in SDIs and SDI research. The quantitative review showed that SDI research publications increased dramatically during the last decade. Predominantly, SDIs are researched empirically and the majority of publications focus on technology prototypes and proof-of-concept implementations. Research on "soft" aspects of SDIs and case study approaches are much less well represented, and conceptual and theoretical studies receive the least attention. Publications about SDI initiatives spanning multiple countries have increased, while the number of publications from the local or municipal perspective is converging to zero. The last few years have also seen a huge increase in SDI literature in the earth observation domain. A qualitative review of the literature further shows that SDIs are evolving from top-down, centralized government funded initiatives into decentralized and bottom-up initiatives, but most SDIs are not yet self-organizing and user-driven systems. The findings suggest that cartographers and researchers concerned with SDI should pay more attention to the development of standards and software tools in support of self-organizing and user-driven SDIs, as well as appropriate governance mechanisms.

关键词： Spatial data infrastructure Governance Literature review

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Virtual Worlds as Support Tools for Public Engagement in Urban Design

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Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM)

作者： Jutraz, Anja Zupancic, Tadeja Univ Ljubljana Fac Architecture Zoisova 12 Ljubljana 1000 Slovenia

ISBN: (纸本)9783319183688;9783319183671

The purpose of this chapter is to show how important it is to use visualization techniques for enhancing public participation in creating smart cities. The chapter focuses on exploring people's opinions with regard to urban design, and on exploring new media and digital tools for public engagement. More specifically, it focuses on exploring the potential of using virtual worlds in the process of urban design from the first stages of the design process to the construction and maintenance phases. Quantitative and qualitative research methods have been used for the purposes of this chapter. The Terf virtual world is explored as a laboratory for interdisciplinary collaboration in urban design as well as an interface allowing involvement of different actors within a public participatory process. The final part of this chapter offers guidelines for future development of support tools for public engagement, especially concerning the Terf virtual world, and their potential use by municipalities.

关键词： Virtual reality

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Usability of Planning Support Systems: An Evaluation Framework

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Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM)

作者： Russo, Patrizia Costabile, Maria Francesca Lanzilotti, Rosa Pettit, Christopher J. Univ Melbourne Fac Architecture Bldg & Planning Parkville Vic 3010 Australia Univ Bari Aldo Moro Dipartimento Informat I-70125 Bari Italy

ISBN: (纸本)9783319183688;9783319183671

Previous research on Planning Support Systems (PSS) showed that low usability of these computer-based tools is one of the reasons why they are not widely used by planning professionals. Few studies for evaluating PSS usability are performed, possibly because developers do not regard it as their task, do not have enough skills to conduct them, and have not been stimulated so far to appreciate their value. In this chapter, a framework is described that aims at guiding usability evaluation of PSS;it is developed on the basis of a more general usability evaluation framework. The current version of the framework has been applied to evaluate three PSS by performing a test with a small group of land use planners. Results of this user test are discussed, also providing some recommendations for the design of PSS, specifically those addressing Land Suitability Analysis (LSA), capable to generate a positive user experience.

关键词： Land use

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Adapting the US National Hydrography Dataset to Linked Open Data 27th

Adapting the US National Hydrography Dataset to Linked Open ...

引用

27th International Cartographic Conference (ICC)

作者： Varanka, Dalia E. Usery, E. Lynn Mattli, David M. US Geol Survey Rolla MO 65401 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783319177380;9783319177373

A controlled vocabulary for the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD) of the United States was developed as Linked Open Data (LOD). The vocabulary has two main parts: a glossary and a set of triples reflecting the NHD data model as it is organized in geographic information systems (GIS). The glossary consists of a feature type label and a comment consisting of a definition that is linked to a hydrographic feature type standard. The ontology of the data model consists of classes and properties that group and relate sets of individual features. The objective of the project is to draw on the glossary and the "triplified" data model to build formal semantics for a basic form of NHD as LOD. Modifications were made primarily to the specification of feature types for the data.

关键词： US hydrography dataset Linked open data Adapting

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The Everyone City: How ICT-Based Participation Shapes Urban Form

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Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM)

作者： Levy, Sara Martens, Karel van der Heijden, Rob Radboud Univ Nijmegen Inst Management Res POB 9108 NL-6500 HK Nijmegen Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9783319183688;9783319183671

Citizen participation is a cornerstone of urban planning. One common criticism is that the process can be cumbersome and slow. However, in the face of recent advances in information and communication technologies (ICT), those problems can be easily overcome, making it possible to extend public participation to a wider sphere of urban planning matters. But what do we know of how ICT-based public participation affects urban form? What does a city shaped by social networks and other ICT-tools look like? We develop an agent-based model of urban growth to improve our understanding of these issues. Our model consists of a spatially disaggregated, micro-economic-based, real estate market model coupled with an ICT-based planning process. In the model, public participation is based on social network affiliation and preferences over the height of buildings.

关键词： Urban growth

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A PSO-Neural Network-Based Feature Matching Approach in Data Integration 27th

A PSO-Neural Network-Based Feature Matching Approach in Data...

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27th International Cartographic Conference (ICC)

作者： Wang, Yanxia Lv, Hongwei Chen, Xuri Du, Qingyun Fuzhou Invest & Surveying Inst Fuzhou 350003 Peoples R China Wuhan Univ Sch Resource & Environm Sci 129 Luoyu Rd Wuhan 430079 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9783319177380;9783319177373

This chapter presents a feature matching approach based on a particle swarm optimization neural network (PSONN) in data integration to identify the corresponding features in different datasets. Unlike previous probability-based feature matching using a weighted average of multiple measures calculating matching probability, the proposed approach utilizes PSONN, obtaining similarity rules of feature matching to find matched features in different datasets. The feature matching strategy utilizing bidirectional matching, two-stage matching, and feature combination is also provided for solving all types of feature matching, including 1: 0, 0: 1, 1: 1, 1:n, m: n, and m:1. The proposed approach is implemented for matching features from different datasets and is compared with a probability-based feature matching method. The experiments show that the weights of the same measures may vary for different data contexts. In addition, the results demonstrate the availability and advantages of the proposed approach in feature matching.

关键词： Particle swarm optimization Artificial neural network Feature matching Data integration

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Creating a High-Resolution Social Vulnerability Map in Support of National Decision Makers in South Africa 27th

Creating a High-Resolution Social Vulnerability Map in Suppo...

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27th International Cartographic Conference (ICC)

作者： le Roux, Alize Khuluse, Sibusisiwe Naude, Andreas J. S. CSIR Pretoria South Africa Univ Pretoria Ctr Geoinformat Sci Pretoria South Africa

ISBN: (纸本)9783319177380;9783319177373

The core objective of this study was to create a social vulnerability map based on generally accepted variables that are indicative of drivers of social vulnerability, capturing the unique attributes of South African communities. This chapter explains the need for an index to measure the social vulnerability of various communities throughout South Africa and looks at international literature as the base for the study. Such an index is deemed essential in decision making, specifically in reducing the susceptibility of various communities to the risks associated with multiple stressors. Fourteen unique (South African specific) variables were chosen and a principal component analysis (PCA) was preformed to build an appropriate index to measure social vulnerability across South Africa. This index is essential and required by the South African National Disaster Management Centre (NDMC) in terms of the National Disaster Management Framework of 2005.

关键词： Social vulnerability Spatial decision Composite indicators PCA

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Facilitating PSS Workshops: A Conceptual Framework and Findings from Interviews with Facilitators

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Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM)

作者： Pelzer, Peter Goodspeed, Robert te Brommelstroet, Marco Univ Utrecht Fac Geosci NL-3508 TC Utrecht Netherlands Univ Michigan Taubman Coll Architecture & Urban Planning 2000 Bonisteel Blvd Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Univ Amsterdam Fac Social & Behav Sci NL-1018 WV Amsterdam Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9783319183688;9783319183671

Recent research has emphasized the importance of workshops as a venue where planning support systems (PSS) are used in planning processes. Empirical studies of these workshops have previously largely overlooked facilitation, in particular the role of a moderator (steering the discussion) and/or a chauffeur (steering the PSS). Drawing on existing facilitation research, we identify four main categories of facilitation interventions: substantive, procedural, relational, and tool-related. We use these categories to develop a novel conceptual framework for facilitation at PSS workshops. We test and develop this framework through semi-structured interviews with eight experienced facilitators of PSS workshops in the US and the Netherlands. The interviews confirm the validity of the intervention categories, but also revealed a wider range of PSS-specific workshop outcomes. We conclude that successful facilitation of PSS workshops requires two different types of facilitation interventions: some to encourage PSS use, and others to prevent PSS domination of the group discussion. Facilitating PSS workshops is mainly about finding the delicate and context-dependent balance between these two extremes.

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Data Integration to Create Large-Scale Spatially Detailed Synthetic Populations

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Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM)

作者： Zhu, Yi Ferreira, Joseph, Jr. Singapore MIT Alliance Res & Technol 1 CREATE Way09-02 CREATE Tower Singapore 138602 Singapore MIT Dept Urban Studies & Planning Cambridge MA 02139 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783319183688;9783319183671

Many planning support systems and, indeed, some 'smart city' initiatives begin with time consuming efforts to integrate cross-agency data describing current conditions in sufficient detail to support 'what-if' exploration of urban development options. Integrating data from different sources has become increasingly challenged as available datasets, and the relevant urban modeling efforts, become more dis-aggregated and spatial-temporally detailed. Open data initiatives, with unprecedented amounts of embedded georeferenced information, have made web services and crowdsourcing attractive. However, data from such sources are typically imperfect and their integration is complicated by syntactic and semantic differences. We develop an ontology-based data integration mechanism to fuse data from different sources in generic ways that can utilize semantic information to minimize the labor involved and facilitate updating as new data are acquired. As a test application, we evaluate, filter, adjust, and integrate building information from heterogeneous data sources for use in an agent-based microsimulation model of transportation and land-use dynamics in Singapore. Third-party data about building size, age and use added substantial value to the official datasets generally available from government agencies.

关键词： Data integration

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Development and Operation of Social Media GIS for Disaster Risk Management in Japan

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Conference on Computers in Urban Planning and Urban Management (CUPUM)

作者： Yamamoto, Kayoko Univ Electrocommun Grad Sch Informat Syst 1-5-1 Chofugaoka Chofu Tokyo 1828585 Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9783319183688;9783319183671

Since natural disasters frequently happen all over the world, we must make effective preparations for such disasters. As the implementation of sophisticated computerization expands, the society now benefits from ubiquitous network and cloud computing. Consequently, we can utilize a variety of information systems effectively for disaster reduction measures. Based on the experiences of natural disasters, among a variety of information systems, the roles of GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and social media are considered important for collection and transmission of disaster information. Against the above-mentioned backdrop, the present study aims to classify disaster risk management for natural disasters into three stages-normal times, disaster outbreak times, and times of recovery and reconstruction-to introduce the results of development and operation of social media GIS during each of these three stages. The social media GIS targeted residents who were more than 18 years old in the Tama region of Tokyo metropolis and the neighboring area in Japan for two months. Subsequently, the systems were evaluated based on the results of an online questionnaire survey to users, access surveys using log data during operation of the systems, and an analysis of the submitted information. Based on the results of the evaluation, measures for improvement of the development and operation of social media GIS can be summarized into three areas regarding (a) participation of various users and partnership with local communities, (b) usability, and (c) long-term actual operation.

关键词： Disasters

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