This paper adds to the discussion of the nature of the scale on which even operates: on which dimension is such a scale based? The paper suggests a comparative analysis of two recent accounts, namely the degree-based ...
ISBN:
(纸本)9783031608773;9783031608780
This paper adds to the discussion of the nature of the scale on which even operates: on which dimension is such a scale based? The paper suggests a comparative analysis of two recent accounts, namely the degree-based approach proposed by Y. Greenberg and the argumentative approach proposed by G. Winterstein. Following the former, even operates on a scale based on a gradable property. We claim that the argumentative approach of Winterstein may be interpreted as operating on the interval argumentative scale, which we suggest in this paper. The comparative analysis of the two approaches is conducted on three different levels: the level of data that they both account for (Sect. 3.2), on the structural level (Sect. 3.3), and on the functional level (3.4). At the end of the paper (cf. Sect. 4) we present some data that we believe to be challenging for both presented approaches;Sect. 5 draws conclusions.
Test evaluation plays vital roles in second language teaching, and hence requires more scientific and objective analysis methods. However, the domain of test analyses has not received enough attention, and this line r...
ISBN:
(纸本)9789819742455;9789819742462
Test evaluation plays vital roles in second language teaching, and hence requires more scientific and objective analysis methods. However, the domain of test analyses has not received enough attention, and this line research is mainly based on surface data analyses with traditional and simple methods. This leaves plenty of room to exploring the underlying potentials of examinations. In general, test evaluation needs analyses on various aspects with more advanced models. Against this backdrop, the present case study tries to explore the test reliability and validity from comprehensive and objective perspectives by including different statistical analyses models. It focuses on analyzing the tests on the aspects of score distribution, correlation, reliability and validity, etc., especially with factor analysis and multitrait-multimethod matrix (MTMM). According to the results, the present test does not perform well in reliability and has average validity. The test assessment method could offer implications to improving English test designs.
Transaction fee markets are essential components of blockchain economies, as they resolve the inherent scarcity in the number of transactions that can be added to each block. In early blockchain protocols, this scarci...
ISBN:
(纸本)9783031477508;9783031477515
Transaction fee markets are essential components of blockchain economies, as they resolve the inherent scarcity in the number of transactions that can be added to each block. In early blockchain protocols, this scarcity was resolved through a first-price auction in which users were forced to guess appropriate bids from recent blockchain data. Ethereum's EIP-1559 fee market reform streamlines this process through the use of a base fee that is increased (or decreased) whenever a block exceeds (or fails to meet) a specified target block size. Previous work has found that the EIP-1559 mechanism may lead to a base fee process that is inherently chaotic, in which case the base fee does not converge to a fixed point even under ideal conditions. However, the impact of this chaotic behavior on the fee market's main design goal - blocks whose long-term average size equals the target - has not previously been explored. As our main contribution, we derive near-optimal upper and lower bounds for the time-average block size in the EIP-1559 mechanism despite its possibly chaotic evolution. Our lower bound is equal to the target utilization level whereas our upper bound is approximate to 6% higher than optimal. Empirical evidence is shown in great agreement with these theoretical predictions. Specifically, the historical average was approximate to 2.9% larger than the target rage under Proof-of-Work and decreased to approximate to 2.0% after Ethereum's transition to Proof-of-Stake. We also find that an approximate version of EIP-1559 achieves optimality even in the absence of convergence.
This study investigated the impact of instructor gender (male versus female), type (human versus avatar), and lesson difficulty (easy and difficult) on the usability, trust, engagement, and comprehension of a virtual ...
ISBN:
(纸本)9783031601248;9783031601255
This study investigated the impact of instructor gender (male versus female), type (human versus avatar), and lesson difficulty (easy and difficult) on the usability, trust, engagement, and comprehension of a virtual learning platform system. The study utilized animation software to create virtual male and female instructors and embedded them into a university psychology lecture on memory. Comprehension was evaluated through the use of multiple-choice tests, while usability, trust, and engagement were measured using the System Usability Scale, Trust in Automation Scale, and Paas Mental Effort Scale questionnaires, respectively. The results indicated no causal effect between instructor gender or type on comprehension, usability, and engagement. However, the study did reveal a significant effect of lesson difficulty on trust in the instructor, such that trust in the instructor was significantly higher following the difficult lesson. Implications of these findings pertain to the educational design of virtual classrooms.
Layer 2 systems have received increasing attention due to their potential to scale the throughput of L1 blockchains. To avoid the cost of putting data on chain, these systems increasingly turn to off-chain data availa...
ISBN:
(纸本)9783031477508;9783031477515
Layer 2 systems have received increasing attention due to their potential to scale the throughput of L1 blockchains. To avoid the cost of putting data on chain, these systems increasingly turn to off-chain data availability solutions such as data availability committees (DACs). However, placing trust on DACs conflicts with the goal of obtaining an L2 architecture whose security relies solely on the L1 chain. To eliminate such trust assumptions, we propose a DAC protocol that provides financial incentives to deter the DAC nodes from adversarial behavior such as withholding data upon request. We then analyze the interaction of rational DAC nodes and clients as a dynamic game, with a Byzantine adversary that can corrupt and bribe the participants. We also define a notion of optimality for the DAC protocols, inspired by fairness and economic feasibility. Our main result shows that our protocol is optimal and guarantees security with the highest possible probability under reasonable assumptions on the adversary.
This paper introduces dot-to-dot semantic representation as an encoding for abstract dependency interpretations of natural language data. The approach is illustrated with content created initially as syntactic tree an...
ISBN:
(数字)9783031608780
ISBN:
(纸本)9783031608773;9783031608780
This paper introduces dot-to-dot semantic representation as an encoding for abstract dependency interpretations of natural language data. The approach is illustrated with content created initially as syntactic tree annotations. This is transformed into construction information for Discourse Representation Structures. This gives a basis for resolving event and entity dependencies across discourse for transformation to Conjunctive Normal Forms with skolemization from which governor to dependent relations arise for graph structures that are dot-to-dot semantic representations. Use of the representation approach is demonstrated with two sample applications: database querying, and analysis feedback for parsed corpus annotation of Old Japanese language data.
The traditional theory amodal symbol system was challenged by Barsalou's Perceptual Symbol System theory. The Perceptual Symbol System theory indicates that perceptual symbols will be mentally simulated and automa...
ISBN:
(纸本)9789819742424;9789819742431
The traditional theory amodal symbol system was challenged by Barsalou's Perceptual Symbol System theory. The Perceptual Symbol System theory indicates that perceptual symbols will be mentally simulated and automatically activated in the human brain in the process of language comprehension. Based on this theory, many empirical studies have provided evidence for mental simulation during language comprehension. However, object orientation, a critical part of perceptual information, has received less attention compared to other visual object attributes such as shape, color, and size. Furthermore, most studies in this field focused on English and other Indo-European languages, and the less research focused on Chinese to demonstrate the effectiveness of mental simulation. Therefore, the current paper aims to explore the mental simulation of object orientation information and its relationship with mental imagery in Chinese sentence comprehension. The classic sentence-picture recognition task was employed in the present research. Results showed that participants' responses were more accurate and faster in the match condition than in the mismatch condition and in the vertical direction task than in the horizontal direction task. Additionally, the results of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire showed no significant correlation between mental simulation and mental imagery. Therefore, it can be concluded that in the process of Chinese sentence comprehension, the human brain activates the perceptual symbol of the object orientation information and conducts corresponding mental simulation. The findings agree with the Perceptual Symbol System theory and provide further empirical evidence for the mental simulation of sentence comprehension and embodied cognition.
The use of platforms offering Open Educational Resources (OER) and teacher community building have become significant components of the digital competence of educators, providing tools to inspire and enrich the teachi...
ISBN:
(纸本)9783031723117;9783031723124
The use of platforms offering Open Educational Resources (OER) and teacher community building have become significant components of the digital competence of educators, providing tools to inspire and enrich the teaching and learning process. This paper introduces REOJocs is a card game designed to familiarise users with these platforms in Catalonia in an engaging manner. Through REOJocs, players explore various existing platforms (14), learning about their thematic focus, teaching methodology, target educational levels, resource integration capabilities, and opportunities for community-building. Moreover, users have access to supplementary resources such as a digital version of the game and guidelines aimed at improving the quality of OER. To examine the experience of REOJocs, a case study involving non-university educators in teacher training courses was conducted. Initial findings suggest that participants view REOJocs positively for enhancing teachers' digital competence, noting its collaborative approach, appealing design, and informative content as effective means of becoming familiar with platforms. Notably, the game serves a dual purpose, catering to both newcomers and experienced users of these platforms.
Error-based Simulation (EBS) simulates "what would happen if the learner's (incorrect) answer were correct." It has been demonstrated that "strange phenomena" by EBS promote learners' refle...
ISBN:
(纸本)9783031601248;9783031601255
Error-based Simulation (EBS) simulates "what would happen if the learner's (incorrect) answer were correct." It has been demonstrated that "strange phenomena" by EBS promote learners' reflection and improve achievement in problem solving. However, some learners failed to improve their performance even when learning with EBS. These learners may not have been able to relate the forces they drew to the presented motions. We consider that there is a flow between motion and the force, acceleration, and velocity: 1. the force causes acceleration, 2. the acceleration causes a change in velocity, and 3. the change in velocity is visualized as motion. Therefore, this study proposes a new feedback method for EBS, aiming to enable a correct understanding of the elements involved in motion by learning to relate motion, force, acceleration, and velocity as a series of flows. Experiments were conducted on the developed system, the results suggest that this system improves the achievement of problem solving compared to conventional EBS.
Communication involves transferring information from one place, person, or group to another, typically comprising a sender, a message, and a recipient. During interactions, humans exchange various social signals and i...
ISBN:
(纸本)9783031601248;9783031601255
Communication involves transferring information from one place, person, or group to another, typically comprising a sender, a message, and a recipient. During interactions, humans exchange various social signals and information. There are two main types of communication: verbal and nonverbal. Even when verbal communication isn't feasible, nonverbal cues like gestures and body movements can facilitate communication. Hence, nonverbal communication plays a vital role in human-robot interaction. Implementing responsive strategies enables the creation of attentive listening systems. Recent research focuses on enhancing robot interactions through attentive listening systems, aiming to establish interfaces that foster affinity and a sense of connectionwith robots. The authors propose ARM-COMS for remote conferences, utilizing monitors as avatars for remote participants. This interface not only detects remote participants' head movements to coordinate actions but also responds to the voices of both remote participants and speakers, physically moving the monitor to enhance interaction. This paper explores these differences and discusses the philosophy behindARM-COMSfrom the perspective of attentive listening, aiming to enhance interaction with remote participants.
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