The field of neural information processing has two main objects: investigation into the functioning of biological neural networks and use of artificial neural networks to sol ve real world problems. Even before the re...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783540399353
ISBN:
(纸本)9783540211235;9783642535642
The field of neural information processing has two main objects: investigation into the functioning of biological neural networks and use of artificial neural networks to sol ve real world problems. Even before the reincarnation of the field of artificial neural networks in mid nineteen eighties, researchers have attempted to explore the engineering of human brain function. After the reincarnation, we have seen an emergence of a large number of neural network models and their successful applications to solve real world problems. This volume presents a collection of recent research and developments in the field of neural information processing. The book is organized in three Parts, i.e., (1) architectures, (2) learning algorithms, and (3) applications. Artificial neural networks consist of simple processing elements called neurons, which are connected by weights. The number of neurons and how they are connected to each other defines the architecture of a particular neural network. Part 1 of the book has nine chapters, demonstrating some of recent neural network architectures derived either to mimic aspects of human brain function or applied in some real world problems. Muresan provides a simple neural network model, based on spiking neurons that make use of shunting inhibition, which is capable of resisting small scale changes of stimulus. Hoshino and Zheng simulate a neural network of the auditory cortex to investigate neural basis for encoding and perception of vowel sounds.
Operations research often solves deterministic optimization problems based on elegantand conciserepresentationswhereall parametersarepreciselyknown. In the face of uncertainty, probability theory is the traditional to...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783540784845
ISBN:
(纸本)9783540784838;9783642097201
Operations research often solves deterministic optimization problems based on elegantand conciserepresentationswhereall parametersarepreciselyknown. In the face of uncertainty, probability theory is the traditional tool to be appealed for, and stochastic optimization is actually a signi?cant sub-area in operations research. However, the systematic use of prescribed probability distributions so as to cope with imperfect data is partially unsatisfactory. First, going from a deterministic to a stochastic formulation, a problem may becomeintractable. Agoodexampleiswhengoingfromdeterministictostoch- tic scheduling problems like PERT. From the inception of the PERT method in the 1950’s, it was acknowledged that data concerning activity duration times is generally not perfectly known and the study of stochastic PERT was launched quite early. Even if the power of today’s computers enables the stochastic PERT to be addressed to a large extent, still its solutions often require simplifying assumptions of some kind. Another di?culty is that stochastic optimization problems produce solutions in the average. For instance, the criterion to be maximized is more often than not expected utility. This is not always a meaningful strategy. In the case when the underlying process is not repeated a lot of times, let alone being one-shot, it is not clear if this criterion is realistic, in particular if probability distributions are subjective. Expected utility was proposed as a rational criterion from ?rst principles by Savage. In his view, the subjective probability distribution was - sically an artefact useful to implement a certain ordering of solutions.
We do not perceive the present as it is and in totality, nor do we infer the future from the present with any high degree of dependability, nor yet do we accurately know the consequences of our own actions. In additio...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783540880875
ISBN:
(纸本)9783540880868;9783642099892
We do not perceive the present as it is and in totality, nor do we infer the future from the present with any high degree of dependability, nor yet do we accurately know the consequences of our own actions. In addition, there is a fourth source of error to be taken into account, for we do not execute actions in the precise form in which they are imaged and willed. Frank H. Knight [R4.34, p. 202] The “degree” of certainty of confidence felt in the conclusion after it is reached cannot be ignored, for it is of the greatest practical signi- cance. The action which follows upon an opinion depends as much upon the amount of confidence in that opinion as it does upon fav- ableness of the opinion itself. The ultimate logic, or psychology, of these deliberations is obscure, a part of the scientifically unfathomable mystery of life and mind. Frank H. Knight [R4.34, p. 226-227] With some inaccuracy, description of uncertain consequences can be classified into two categories, those which use exclusively the language of probability distributions and those which call for some other principle, either to replace or supplement.
Nowadays, decision problems are pervaded with incomplete knowledge, i.e., imprecision and/or uncertain information, both in the problem description and in the preferential information. In this volume leading scientist...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783790818482
ISBN:
(纸本)9783790813036;9783790824742
Nowadays, decision problems are pervaded with incomplete knowledge, i.e., imprecision and/or uncertain information, both in the problem description and in the preferential information. In this volume leading scientists in the field address various theoretical and practical aspects related to the handling of this incompleteness. The problems discussed are taken from multi-objective linear programming, rationality considerations in preference modelling, non-probabilistic utility theory, data fusion, group decision making and multicriteria decision aid. The book is oriented towards researchers, graduate and postgraduate students in decision analysis, fuzzy sets and fuzzy logic, and operations research/management science.
Fuzzy sets were first proposed by Lotfi Zadeh in his seminal paper [366] in 1965, and ever since have been a center of many discussions, fervently admired and condemned. Both proponents and opponents consider the argu...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783790818505
ISBN:
(纸本)9783790812985;9783790824728
Fuzzy sets were first proposed by Lotfi Zadeh in his seminal paper [366] in 1965, and ever since have been a center of many discussions, fervently admired and condemned. Both proponents and opponents consider the argu ments pointless because none of them would step back from their territory. And stiH, discussions burst out from a single sparkle like a conference pa per or a message on some fuzzy-mail newsgroup. Here is an excerpt from an e-mail messagepostedin1993tofuzzy-mail@vexpert. dbai. twvien. ac. at. by somebody who signed "Dave". , . . . Why then the "logic" in "fuzzy logic"? I don't think anyone has successfully used fuzzy sets for logical inference, nor do I think anyone wiH. In my admittedly neophyte opinion, "fuzzy logic" is a misnomer, an oxymoron. (1 would be delighted to be proven wrong on that. ) . . . I carne to the fuzzy literature with an open mind (and open wal let), high hopes and keen interest. I am very much disiHusioned with "fuzzy" per se, but I did happen across some extremely interesting things along the way. " Dave, thanks for the nice quote! Enthusiastic on the surface, are not many of us suspicious deep down? In some books and journals the word fuzzy is religiously avoided: fuzzy set theory is viewed as a second-hand cheap trick whose aim is nothing else but to devalue good classical theories and open up the way to lazy ignorants and newcomers.
In this book, the state-of-the-art fuzzy-model-based (FMB) based control approaches are covered. A comprehensive review about the stability analysis of type-1 and type-2 FMB control systems using the Lyapunov-based ap...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783642178443
ISBN:
(纸本)9783642178436;9783642422966
In this book, the state-of-the-art fuzzy-model-based (FMB) based control approaches are covered. A comprehensive review about the stability analysis of type-1 and type-2 FMB control systems using the Lyapunov-based approach is given, presenting a clear picture to researchers who would like to work on this field. A wide variety of continuous-time nonlinear control systems such as state-feedback, switching, time-delay and sampled-data FMB control systems, are covered. In short, this book summarizes the recent contributions of the authors on the stability analysis of the FMB control systems. It discusses advanced stability analysis techniques for various FMB control systems, and founds a concrete theoretical basis to support the investigation of FMB control systems at the research level. The analysis results of this book offer various mathematical approaches to designing stable and well-performed FMB control systems. Furthermore, the results widen the applicability of the FMB control approach and help put the fuzzy controller in practice. A wide range of advanced analytical and mathematical analysis techniques will be employed to investigate the system stability and performance of FMB-based control systems in a rigorous manner. Detailed analysis and derivation steps are given to enhance the readability, enabling the readers who are unfamiliar with the FMB control systems to follow the materials easily. Simulation examples, with figures and plots of system responses, are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed FMB control approaches.
Text mining is an exciting application ?eld and an area of scienti?c - search that is currently under rapid development. It uses techniques from well-established scienti?c ?elds (e. g. data mining, machine learning, i...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783540323945
ISBN:
(纸本)9783540250708;9783642425394
Text mining is an exciting application ?eld and an area of scienti?c - search that is currently under rapid development. It uses techniques from well-established scienti?c ?elds (e. g. data mining, machine learning, infor- tion retrieval, natural language processing, case-based reasoning, statistics and knowledge management) in an e?ort to help people gain insight, und- stand and interpret large quantities of (usually) semi-structured and unstr- tured data. Despite the advances made during the last few years, many issues remain unresolved. Proper co-ordination activities, dissemination of current trends and standardisation of the procedures have been identi?ed, as key needs. There are many questions still unanswered, especially to the potential users; what is the scope of Text Mining, who uses it and for what purpose, what constitutes the leading trends in the ?eld of Text Mining – especially in relation to IT – and whether there still remain areas to be covered. Knowledge Mining draws upon many of the key concepts of knowledge management, data mining and knowledge discovery, meta-analysis and data visualization. Within the context of scienti?c research, knowledge mining is principally concerned with the quantitative synthesis and visualization of - search results and ?ndings. The results of knowledge mining are increased scienti?c understanding along with improvements in research quality and value. Knowledge mining products can be used to highlight research opportunities, assist with the p- sentation of “best” scienti?c evidence, facilitate research portfolio mana- ment, as well as, facilitate policy setting and decision making.
Intelligent systems enhance the capacities made available by the internet and other computer-based technologies. This book deals with the theory behind the solutions to difficult problems in the construction of intell...
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ISBN:
(数字)9783790817973
ISBN:
(纸本)9783790814545;9783662003299
Intelligent systems enhance the capacities made available by the internet and other computer-based technologies. This book deals with the theory behind the solutions to difficult problems in the construction of intelligent systems. Particular attention is paid to situations in which the available information and data may be imprecise, uncertain, incomplete or of linguistic nature. Various methodologies for these cases are discussed, among which are probabilistic, possibilistic, fuzzy, logical, evidential and network-based frameworks. One purpose of the book is to consider how these methods can be used cooperatively. Topics included in the book include fundamental issues in uncertainty, the rapidly emerging discipline of information aggregation, neural networks, bayesian networks and other network methods, as well as logic-based systems.
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