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检索条件"丛书名=Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies"

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Semantic Relations Between Nominals 1

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丛书名： synthesis lectures on human language technologies

1000年

作者： Vivi Nastase Preslav Nakov Diarmuid Ó Séaghdha Stan Szpakowicz

ISBN: (数字)9783031021480

People make sense of a text by identifying the semantic relations which connect the entities or concepts described by that text. A system which aspires to human-like performance must also be equipped to identify, and learn from, semantic relations in the texts it processes. Understanding even a simple sentence such as "Opportunity and Curiosity find similar rocks on Mars" requires recognizing relations (rocks are located on Mars, signalled by the word on) and drawing on already known relations (Opportunity and Curiosity are instances of the class of Mars rovers). A language-understanding system should be able to find such relations in documents and progressively build a knowledge base or even an ontology. Resources of this kind assist continuous learning and other advanced language-processing tasks such as text summarization, question answering and machine translation. The book discusses the recognition in text of semantic relations which capture interactions between base noun *** a brief historical background, we introduce a range of relation inventories of varying granularity, which have been proposed by computational linguists. There is also variation in the scale at which systems operate, from snippets all the way to the whole Web, and in the techniques of recognizing relations in texts, from full supervision through weak or distant supervision to self-supervised or completely unsupervised methods. A discussion of supervised learning covers available datasets, feature sets which describe relation instances, and successful algorithms. An overview of weakly supervised and unsupervised learning zooms in on the acquisition of relations from large corpora with hardly any annotated data. We show how bootstrapping from seed examples or patterns scales up to very large text collections on the Web. We also present machine learning techniques in which data redundancy and variability lead to fast and reliable relation extraction.

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Natural language Processing (NLP) Computational Linguistics

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Cross-language Information Retrieval 1

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丛书名： synthesis lectures on human language technologies

1000年

作者： Jian-Yun Nie

ISBN: (数字)9783031021381

ISBN: (纸本)9783031010101

Search for information is no longer exclusively limited within the native language of the user, but is more and more extended to other languages. This gives rise to the problem of cross-language information retrieval (CLIR), whose goal is to find relevant information written in a different language to a query. In addition to the problems of monolingual information retrieval (IR), translation is the key problem in CLIR: one should translate either the query or the documents from a language to another. However, this translation problem is not identical to full-text machine translation (MT): the goal is not to produce a human-readable translation, but a translation suitable for finding relevant documents. Specific translation methods are thus required. The goal of this book is to provide a comprehensive description of the specific problems arising in CLIR, the solutions proposed in this area, as well as the remaining problems. The book starts with a general description of the monolingualIR and CLIR problems. Different classes of approaches to translation are then presented: approaches using an MT system, dictionary-based translation and approaches based on parallel and comparable corpora. In addition, the typical retrieval effectiveness using different approaches is compared. It will be shown that translation approaches specifically designed for CLIR can rival and outperform high-quality MT systems. Finally, the book offers a look into the future that draws a strong parallel between query expansion in monolingual IR and query translation in CLIR, suggesting that many approaches developed in monolingual IR can be adapted to CLIR. The book can be used as an introduction to CLIR. Advanced readers can also find more technical details and discussions about the remaining research challenges in the future. It is suitable to new researchers who intend to carry out research on CLIR. Table of Contents: Preface / Introduction / Using Manually Constructed Translation Systems andRe

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Natural language Processing (NLP) Computational Linguistics

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Domain-Sensitive Temporal Tagging 1

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丛书名： synthesis lectures on human language technologies

1000年

作者： Jannik Strötgen Michael Gertz

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Introduction to Chinese Natural language Processing 1

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丛书名： synthesis lectures on human language technologies

1000年

作者： Kam-Fai Wong Wenjie Li Ruifeng Xu Zheng-sheng Zhang

ISBN: (数字)9783031021336

ISBN: (纸本)9783031010057

This book introduces Chinese language-processing issues and techniques to readers who already have a basic background in natural language processing (NLP). Since the major difference between Chinese and Western languages is at the word level, the book primarily focuses on Chinese morphological analysis and introduces the concept, structure, and interword semantics of Chinese words. The following topics are covered: a general introduction to Chinese NLP; Chinese characters, morphemes, and words and the characteristics of Chinese words that have to be considered in NLP applications; Chinese word segmentation; unknown word detection; word meaning and Chinese linguistic resources; interword semantics based on word collocation and NLP techniques for collocation extraction. Table of Contents: Introduction / Words in Chinese / Challenges in Chinese Morphological Processing / Chinese Word Segmentation / Unknown Word Identification / Word Meaning / Chinese Collocations / Automatic Chinese Collocation Extraction / Appendix / References / Author Biographies

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Natural language Processing (NLP) Computational Linguistics

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Online Hate Speech 1

Online Hate Speech

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丛书名： synthesis lectures on human language technologies

1000年

作者： Punyajoy Saha Mithun Das Animesh Mukherjee

ISBN: (数字)9783031865954

ISBN: (纸本)9783031865947;9783031865978

This book informs readers on how to understand, detect, and mitigate hate speech in online social media. The authors first cover the definition of hate speech and how its prevalence can be measured on online social media platforms using text and graph-based methods. The book then describes the process of detecting hate speech and presents a comprehensive account of the AI models that are currently being used. Further, the authors discuss the associated challenges that must be overcome while using these models. The book concludes with an overview of the mitigation techniques for hate speech, including blocking or suspension of the accounts (hard technique) and counterspeech (soft technique), and a discussion of the effects of these techniques on social media platforms.

关键词： Computer Science, general Social Media Media and Communication Digital/New Media Statistics, general Artificial Intelligence

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Linguistic Fundamentals for Natural language Processing 1

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丛书名： synthesis lectures on human language technologies

1000年

作者： Emily M. Bender

ISBN: (数字)9783031021503

ISBN: (纸本)9783031010224

Many NLP tasks have at their core a subtask of extracting the dependencies—who did what to whom—from natural language sentences. This task can be understood as the inverse of the problem solved in different ways by diverse human languages, namely, how to indicate the relationship between different parts of a sentence. Understanding how languages solve the problem can be extremely useful in both feature design and error analysis in the application of machine learning to NLP. Likewise, understanding cross-linguistic variation can be important for the design of MT systems and other multilingual applications. The purpose of this book is to present in a succinct and accessible fashion information about the morphological and syntactic structure of human languages that can be useful in creating more linguistically sophisticated, more language-independent, and thus more successful NLP systems. Table of Contents: Acknowledgments / Introduction/motivation / Morphology: Introduction / Morphophonology / Morphosyntax / Syntax: Introduction / Parts of speech / Heads, arguments, and adjuncts / Argument types and grammatical functions / Mismatches between syntactic position and semantic roles / Resources / Bibliography / Author's Biography / General Index / Index of languages

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Natural language Processing (NLP) Computational Linguistics

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Automatic Text Simplification 1

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丛书名： synthesis lectures on human language technologies

1000年

作者： Horacio Saggion

ISBN: (数字)9783031021664

ISBN: (纸本)9783031010385

Thanks to the availability of texts on the Web in recent years, increased knowledge and information have been made available to broader audiences. However, the way in which a text is written—its vocabulary, its syntax—can be difficult to read and understand for many people, especially those with poor literacy, cognitive or linguistic impairment, or those with limited knowledge of the language of the text. Texts containing uncommon words or long and complicated sentences can be difficult to read and understand by people as well as difficult to analyze by machines. Automatic text simplification is the process of transforming a text into another text which, ideally conveying the same message, will be easier to read and understand by a broader audience. The process usually involves the replacement of difficult or unknown phrases with simpler equivalents and the transformation of long and syntactically complex sentences into shorter and less complex ones. Automatic text simplification, a research topic which started 20 years ago, now has taken on a central role in natural language processing research not only because of the interesting challenges it posesses but also because of its social implications. This book presents past and current research in text simplification, exploring key issues including automatic readability assessment, lexical simplification, and syntactic simplification. It also provides a detailed account of machine learning techniques currently used in simplification, describes full systems designed for specific languages and target audiences, and offers available resources for research and development together with text simplification evaluation techniques.

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Natural language Processing (NLP) Computational Linguistics

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Introduction to Linguistic Annotation and Text Analytics 1

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丛书名： synthesis lectures on human language technologies

1000年

作者： Graham Wilcock

ISBN: (数字)9783031021329

ISBN: (纸本)9783031010040

Linguistic annotation and text analytics are active areas of research and development, with academic conferences and industry events such as the Linguistic Annotation Workshops and the annual Text Analytics Summits. This book provides a basic introduction to both fields, and aims to show that good linguistic annotations are the essential foundation for good text analytics. After briefly reviewing the basics of XML, with practical exercises illustrating in-line and stand-off annotations, a chapter is devoted to explaining the different levels of linguistic annotations. The reader is encouraged to create example annotations using the WordFreak linguistic annotation tool. The next chapter shows how annotations can be created automatically using statistical NLP tools, and compares two sets of tools, the OpenNLP and Stanford NLP tools. The second half of the book describes different annotation formats and gives practical examples of how to interchange annotations between different formats using XSLT transformations. The two main text analytics architectures, GATE and UIMA, are then described and compared, with practical exercises showing how to configure and customize them. The final chapter is an introduction to text analytics, describing the main applications and functions including named entity recognition, coreference resolution and information extraction, with practical examples using both open source and commercial tools. Copies of the example files, scripts, and stylesheets used in the book are available from the companion website, located at the book website. Table of Contents: Working with XML / Linguistic Annotation / Using Statistical NLP Tools / Annotation Interchange / Annotation Architectures / Text Analytics

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Natural language Processing (NLP) Computational Linguistics

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Dependency Parsing 1

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丛书名： synthesis lectures on human language technologies

1000年

作者： Sandra Kübler Ryan McDonald Joakim Nivre

ISBN: (数字)9783031021312

ISBN: (纸本)9783031010033

Dependency-based methods for syntactic parsing have become increasingly popular in natural language processing in recent years. This book gives a thorough introduction to the methods that are most widely used today. After an introduction to dependency grammar and dependency parsing, followed by a formal characterization of the dependency parsing problem, the book surveys the three major classes of parsing models that are in current use: transition-based, graph-based, and grammar-based models. It continues with a chapter on evaluation and one on the comparison of different methods, and it closes with a few words on current trends and future prospects of dependency parsing. The book presupposes a knowledge of basic concepts in linguistics and computer science, as well as some knowledge of parsing methods for constituency-based representations. Table of Contents: Introduction / Dependency Parsing / Transition-Based Parsing / Graph-Based Parsing / Grammar-Based Parsing / Evaluation / Comparison / Final Thoughts

关键词： Artificial Intelligence Natural language Processing (NLP) Computational Linguistics

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Natural language Processing for Social Media 3

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丛书名： synthesis lectures on human language technologies

1000年

作者： Anna Atefeh Farzindar Diana Inkpen

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