关键词： 生理适应   体温调节和产热   冬眠   水代谢   保护生理学   生态免疫学   肠道菌群  

摘要： 中国哺乳动物生理生态学研究自20世纪50年代始,经过70多年的发展,已系统研究了分布于青藏高原、内蒙古草原、横断山脉等地理分布区的代表性物种的生理适应性,研究主题包括能量代谢和体温调节、冬眠(蛰眠)、水代谢、生态免疫、肠道菌群与宿主的能量代谢和产热调节,研究物种以小型哺乳动物为主。在新时期除了进一步加强对极端环境的生理适应研究外,也需关注大型动物对环境的生理适应,发展新兴领域如保护生理学等,同时要借助多组学技术、同位素技术、遥感技术、红外技术等,加强对动物生理适应的机理性探究。本文回顾了中国哺乳动物生理生态学的发展历程,总结了主要领域取得的重要进展。

关键词： Adaptive management   Rangeland management   Disturbance regimes   Prescribed fire   Woody Plant Encroachment  

摘要： Woody plant encroachment (WPE) reduces ecosystem services and economic benefits obtained from rangelands. Prescribed fire disturbance regimes have been identified as an ecologically and economically viable management options. Practitioners have tools for individual treatments but lack process for integrating individual events into successful management regimes. Practitioners lack ecological theory for the interaction between disturbance and WPE in a language and format accessible by the majority of practitioners. Disturbance regime theory (DRT) was developed as ecological theory for practitioners seeking to utilize disturbance, specifically fire to control WPE. DRT utilizes thresholds between population resistance to disturbance intensity and species resilience to disturbance frequency to estimate effects of disturbance regimes to WPE. Disturbance Regime Management (DRM) is the development and application of disturbance regimes for managing WPE. Successful implementation of DRM requires adaptive management. Integrated Rangeland Management System (IRMS) was designed as a structured process for facilitating the implementation of adaptive management on rangelands. It is a wholistic process for visioning, planning, implementing, and monitoring of rangelands. IRMS serves as a common framework for implementing DRM within adaptive rangeland management. Adaptive management and DTR was evaluated through an applied management case study on the Duncan Spade Ranch. McCartney Rose (Rosa bracteata) encroachment was adaptively managed with a prescribed fire disturbance regime. Woody cover was monitored with National Agriculture Imagery Program airborne digital images, permanent line transects, and plot photographs. DRM worksheets were used to make qualitative predictions of impact or no impact on McCartney Rose for resistance to fire intensity and resilience to fire frequency. Classified imagery measured 24% woody cover in 2010 decreasing to 6% in 2018. A paired t-test for line tr

摘要： The ever-increasing concentration of human activity in urban areas induces environmental problems beyond their boundaries on scales ranging from local to regional to global, such as resource depletion, land degradation, air and water pollution and climate change. Human- induced climate change is widely acknowledged as one of the greatest sustainability challenges of the present century and it is inextricably linked to urbanization. As a response to climate change, urban areas around the world have committed to reach climate neutrality within the next decades. In this context, the deployment of new technologies can have a key role in achieving carbon neutrality in urban areas. As new technologies emerge, it is essential to assess their environmental performance considering the broader systems context in order to ensure that they can indeed contribute to achieving climate neutrality without compromising environmental sustainability. This thesis aims is to provide insight on the environmental performance of emerging technologies that can be deployed in urban areas in order to contribute to achieving climate neutrality. The two technologies in focus are grid-connected solar microgrids and biochar- based systems for treatment of biomass waste and remediation of contaminated soil. The methods applied to conduct the environmental assessments and fulfil the aim of the thesis are: case studies, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material and Energy Flow Analysis and Substance Flow Analysis. Moreover, as part of the research efforts, a spreadsheet model based on LCA data was developed. The assessment of the solar microgrid highlighted the importance of using explicit spatial and temporal boundaries when analyzing the environmental performance of energy systems, as it can increase the accuracy of the results. It also revealed that the choice of modeling approach can influence the results of the assessment, which motivates the application of different methodological approaches. Withi

摘要： Sexual deception, entailing the pollination of flowers through mimicry of female insects, is one of the most remarkable pollination strategies to have evolved. This thesis explores two Australian sexually deceptive orchid systems with contrasting patterns of pollinator exploitation. The first three chapters focus on the genus Cryptostylis, a system with a unique case of pollinator sharing - five Australian species, four of which are largely sympatric, all deceive the same male ichneumonid pollinator. In Chapter One, mark-recapture experiments were used to investigate the consequences of ichneumonid pollination on pollen movement in C. ovata. A high pollinator revisitation rate indicated some potential for self-pollination. In Chapter Two, reproductive barriers contributing to the absence of hybrids between Cryptostylis species were investigated. Pre-pollination barriers, assessed in field experiments, did not prevent hybridisation. Hand cross-pollinations conducted among the four common Cryptostylis species in a greenhouse all produced fruits, however seed mass and the percentage of formed embryos were reduced in hybrids. Major differences in ploidy and chromosome number likely explain this post-pollination fitness reduction. Two Cryptostylis species were found to be self-incompatible, marking the first case of self-incompatibility in the Diurideae. The unique reproductive biology of Australian Cryptostylis, encompassing pollinator sharing, self-incompatibility, and post-pollination reproductive isolation driven by large ploidy differences, may indicate that its mode of diversification may differ greatly to those in other sexually deceptive genera. Chapter Three presents the first phylogeny to encompass both Australian and Asiatic Cryptostylis. An Australian origin of Cryptostylis is supported, with a likely single dispersal event to Asia. Ploidy variation and geographic barriers appear to have played a role in diversification across Cryptostylis. In Chapter Four, t

关键词： 健康生态学   中老年   慢性病患者   抑郁  

摘要： 目的基于健康生态学视角,探讨我国中老年慢性病患者抑郁的影响因素。方法数据来源于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查,纳入年龄在45岁及以上中老年慢性病患者为研究对象,基于健康生态学模型,运用X~2检验和logistic回归分析中老年慢性病患者抑郁的影响因素。结果共纳入研究对象5 250名,抑郁发生率为40.84%,从个人特征看,女性、有肢体残疾、患多种慢性病、BADL受损、IADL受损是抑郁的危险因素;从行为方式看,晚间睡眠时长较长是抑郁的保护因素;从人际网络看,学历较高、对自身与子女关系满意、有社会参与是抑郁的保护因素,居住在农村、独居是抑郁的危险因素;从工作和生活条件看,从事农业工作是抑郁的危险因素,过去一年有收入、住房有洗澡设施是抑郁的保护因素。结论我国中老年慢性病患者抑郁发生率较高。抑郁影响因素是多层次、多维度的。应重视中老年慢性病患者心理状况,从个体到环境因素加强对慢性病患者抑郁的干预。

关键词： 青藏高原   新生代昆虫   植物关系   生态学特征   地质学特征  

摘要： 昆虫（或其他动物）与植物的关系(Plant-insectinteractions，orotherinvertebrate)是现代陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，它们之间的营养关系占到整个陆地生态系统的75％以上，对于维持陆地生态系统稳定至关重要。研究地质时期古动植物关系，不仅有助于了解植食性昆虫或其他生物的起源与演化，认识物种之间协同演化的过程，也有助于探究陆地生态系统的演化，及其对地质时期内气候环境变化的响应机制。　　为了深入了解古近纪以来青藏高原与周边地区古动植物关系的演变，本研究以青藏高原中部的中始新世蒋浪植物群，青藏高原东南缘晚始新世芒康植物群，以及云南省中部的早渐新世吕合植物群为研究对象，深入探讨古近纪以来，青藏高原形成和全球气候事件对中国西南地区动植物关系的影响。本研究首先从青藏高原中部蒋浪植物群特异性虫蚀类型入手，验证了地质历史时期环境变化对昆虫产卵行为的影响。然后研究芒康和吕合植物群中的近6000块植物化石，通过建立动植物关系模型和使用古气候模型，探讨了青藏高原形成演变及全球气候事件对青藏高原及其周边地区动植物关系的影响。本研究通过系统性研究整个化石植物群和特异性的虫蚀类型，研究结果表明:　　1)晚始新世到早渐新世(Eocene-OligoceneTransition，EOT)青藏高原东南缘动植物关系剧变　　青藏高原东南缘在EOT时期发生快速隆升，动植物关系剧变。首先，在晚始新世（距今约3460万年），该地区的植物以壳斗科(Fagaceae)和桦木科(Betulaceae)等为主，是典型的常绿落叶阔叶林，被蛀蚀的叶片比例高达38.39％，有大量的叶片被蛀蚀了叶肉和边缘，且存在部分的虫瘿，反映的动植物关系与现代亚热带森林相似。而到了早渐新世（距今约3340万年），该地区植物却以杨柳科(Salicaceae)和蔷薇科(Rosaceae)为主，整体由乔木向灌木过渡，到早渐新世时，芒康地区植被为高山灌丛，与现代该地区植被类型及接近，被蛀蚀比例也下降至24.04％，且蛀蚀种类单一，虫瘿、刺吸和潜叶痕迹大幅减少甚至消失，反映了相应的昆虫类群在该地区的减少甚至消失。　　此外，采用叶缘分析法、气候-叶相多变量分析程序和共存分法析等古气候模型，对芒康卡均植物群不同时期的气候进行了定量重建。结果表明，芒康地区晚始新世到早渐新世温度降低和降水减少，并伴随青藏高原东南缘由于构造运动导致的山体抬升，共同影响了该地区的动物与植物多样性，塑造了青藏高原东南缘特殊的生态系统组成。　　2)青藏高原形成对其周边地区动植物关系的影响　　吕合盆地和芒康盆地的植被类群在晚始新世到早渐新世具有一定的相似性，都是以桦木科、壳斗科为主的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林。通过动植物关系，本研究发现青藏高原周边地区的植物多样性及组成对EOT响应不明显，而动植物关系却对EOT响应显著，在气候降温期内的LH-2植物组合被蛀蚀叶片的比例和蛀蚀痕迹的多样性明显低于晚始新世的其他化石植物群。早渐新世的吕合盆地反映出了动植物关系的恢复，大量虫瘿和刺吸痕迹出现，被蛀蚀的叶片比例也显著上升，这些迹象表明虽然吕合盆地植被类型未受到EOT影响，但动植物关系却被EOT彻底改变。对比芒康卡均植物群，吕合植物群在早渐新世之后至今仍保持了一定的动植物关系相似性，而芒康卡均植物群却因为青藏高原东南缘抬升，再也没能恢复到晚始新世的水平。两个化石植物群的对比研究反映了地质历史时期内，全球气候事件的影响作用于该时间段内的动植物关系，使动植物关系也随温度等气候因素消长;而区域性的地形地貌改变却永久塑造了该地区各个时期内的动植物关系。　　3)青藏高原隆升改变了高原中部昆虫的分布和适应策略　　本研究在青藏高原中部的蒋浪植物群化石叶片中发现大量动植物关系互作留下的蛀蚀痕迹，其中，蜻蜓目束翅亚目螅科(Coenagrionidae)在叶片内植入的虫卵具有重要的生态学和地质学意义，（以下使用俗称“豆娘”），指示了中始新世蒋浪地区有大量豆娘昆虫活动的痕迹，也表明当时的气候环境适合蜻蜓目及其依赖捕食的其他昆虫生存。经鉴定，化石叶片中的虫卵从数量，植物选择和排列方式上与现代螅科黄螅属最为接近，其现代分布集中在亚热带低海拔地区。由于现代青藏高原中部已经抬升到了平均海拔4500m，由化石植物群所构成的亚热带森林不复存在，依赖于这种生态环境的豆娘也随之消失在了高原中部。目前存在于青藏高原周边3000米高海拔地区的蜻蜓目昆虫大都是不依赖植物进行产卵的蜻科，而依赖植物保护虫卵的螅科只分布在低海拔地区，蜻蜓目在青藏高原分布历史也反映了该地区隆升对其行为的影响。

摘要： 《环境生态学》期刊于2019年5月创刊,至今已出版20期,刊发300余篇稿件。为进一步提升期刊论文质量和学术影响力,鼓励广大专家学者积极为本刊投递优稿好稿,编辑部于2020年岁末组织开展了2020年度"优秀稿件""优秀作者"评选活动。本次评选针对2019、2020年本刊正式刊发论文,在科技论文数据统计机构2019、2020年影响力统计分析数据的基础上,主要参考文章的被引频次、下载量、前沿热点和稿件质量等多方面,