关键词： Ancient Maya   Households   Landscape   Paleoethnobotany   Phytolith analysis   Water  

摘要： This dissertation is about the environment, inequality, and ways of being in the world. Water is necessary for biophysical existence, but also holds symbolic and ideological power. In ancient Maya ontologies, water was a powerful social force in the landscape, necessary for both bodily functions and cosmological connections. In some Classic Period (250-900 CE) city-centers governed by divine rulership, hierarchical control of water during episodes of drought led commoners to “vote with their feet” and abandon these cities. While many larger cities in the Maya area were undergoing vast sociopolitical reorganization and large-scale depopulation towards the end of the Classic Period, the medium-sized city of Aventura was thriving. In contrast to the hierarchical control of water seen at these other cities, I demonstrate that despite socioeconomic inequality, commoners and elites alike had access to the equally important metaphysical and biophysical aspects of water at their respective households. Through survey, excavation, and phytolith analysis, I demonstrate that relational ontologies of landscape contributed to heterarchical political ecology where access to water cut across hierarchical lines of inequality. Commoner and elite households had (meta)physical access to water, even at the height of drought, when the substance would have been at its most scarce. I argue that open access to two different yet vital aspects of water contributed to Aventura’s longevity in the midst of drought. The ultimate goal of this dissertation is to move towards an archaeology of environmental justice, where studies of the past necessarily implicate the present and future.

摘要： African swine fever (ASF) affect wild and domestic stock and can cause extensive socio-economic damage. The main objective of this study was to understand the role of Ndumo Game Reserve (NGR) and its surroundings in the ecology and epidemiology of the two diseases as well as the implications of pig husbandry practices in disease transmission. This study area was chosen because the game reserve shares its northern boundary with Mozambique where ASF is endemic. The study area, which lies within an ASF control zone, also shares its western boundary with eSwatini, which is ASF free. It is therefore to be expected that the NGR and surroundings is a high-risk area for the aforementioned diseases, making regular assessments pertinent. ii Line transect counts revealed a warthog density of 3-5 individuals/km2, with a total population of 400-500 warthogs in the study area. Most of the bushpig recorded on camera traps (0.515 animals/camera day) were found in habitats close to water. Warthogs (0.536 animals/camera day) on the other hand, were found in sandy environments. Fence survey results indicated that wild suids regularly cross the fence into the neighbouring farming community, particularly during the dry season. This was corroborated by 11 farmers who indicated that they had seen wild suids in the area. Questionnaire surveys, from the 254 domestic pig farmers, determined that most of the farmers free-ranged their animals outside of the cropping season. This finding, coupled with the observation that pigs periodically breach the game fence, is significant for disease management as it points to the potential existence of domestic-domestic and wild-domestic interactions which can facilitate disease introduction and spread. The risk of disease introduction is further heightened as some farmers purchase pigs outside the study area, particularly from Mozambique and eSwatini, and these movements are not reported. Social network analysis showed substantial movements (through buyi

摘要： 一、期刊简介《环境生态学》杂志是经国家新闻出版署批准,由中国科学技术协会主管,中国环境科学学会主办,面向国内外公开发行的环境生态领域学术类期刊。2019年创刊,月刊,中国知网全文收录,刊号:CN10-1620/S。本刊办刊宗旨:服务环境生态领域的研究、实践、创新与管理,促进学科建设与发展,搭建高水平的学术交流平台,推动我国生态环保事业的发展。现面向全国从事环境生态领域研究、实践、教学与管理的业界人士诚征优秀稿件,征稿说明如下。

关键词： 鼠类   兽类   种群数量   种群调节  

摘要： 兽类种群生态学是现代生态学的核心研究内容。Charles Sutherland Elton在20世纪20年代发现小哺乳动物种群波动现象,标志着现代种群生态学研究的开始。什么因素调节种群波动的问题一直是现代种群生态学领域的研究热点。我国兽类种群生态学研究始于20世纪50年代,迄今,已走过了70年的发展历程,并取得了重要成果。本综述基于20世纪50年代以来我国学者在主流中文期刊及科学引文索引(Science Citation Index,简称SCI)刊物发表的历史文献,分别从种群波动格局、种群统计参数变化、种群内部和外部调节等不同层面评述了我国在鼠类和大型兽类种群生态学的研究历程及现状,同时探讨了未来的研究方向。

关键词： 文本分类说   信息型文本   交际翻译  

摘要： 近年来,生态环境频繁遭到破坏,各种环境问题日益明显。这一切都威胁到了人类和其他生物的生存,因而生态环境问题越来越受到人们的重视,许多生态类文本应运而生。 本篇实践报告选材于《生态学与环境》一书,并以该书的第二、第三、第四章作为翻译材料。该书在词汇方面,专业术语和名词化结构运用较多;在句法方面,长句、被动句使用较多;语篇逻辑性强,行文连贯。根据纽马克的文本分类说,该类文本主要功能为信息功能,属于信息型文本,信息的“真实性”是此类文本的核心,是“语言之外的本体”。因此,译者在翻译信息型文本时,应当注重读者的理解和反应,也就是信息传递的效果。此外,在文本分类说的基础上,纽马克又提出了两大翻译法:语义翻译和交际翻译。他认为语义翻译主要适用于表达型文本,而交际翻译则适用于信息型文本和呼唤型文本。因此,通过研究信息型文本功能及其翻译方法,笔者选择了交际翻译理论来指导翻译任务。为了更符合目的语的表达习惯,译者在本报告翻译过程中牢记信息型文本的功能和目的,将翻译质量放在第一位,从词语、句子、语篇三个层面对原文进行了分析。 通过此次翻译研究,笔者发现交际翻译理论对于信息型文本的翻译具有很现实的指导意义。本文还提到了翻译过程中的局限性,并随之提出了相应建议。

关键词： 生态学视角   高中地理   课堂教学  

摘要： 创建生态学视角下高中地理课堂教学的新模式,需要明确生态学的教育目标,利用地理课堂、校本课程和室外课堂进行教学,以增强学生的生态环境保护意识。

关键词： 糖尿病   口腔健康相关生活质量   社会支持   焦虑   健康生态学模型  

摘要： 目的:了解糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量的现状;基于健康生态学模型,探讨糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量的影响因素,通过构建糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量的结构方程模型,分析其影响因素间的作用机制,为改善糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量具有指向性的干预措施提供参考依据。方法:采用便利抽样方法,选取2020年7月至11月,在某市某一所综合二甲医院和某一所社区卫生服务中心就诊的305名中老年2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象。研究工具包括一般资料调查表、口腔健康影响程度量表(中文版OHIP-14)、焦虑自评量表(SAS)、社会支持评定量表(SSRS)、糖尿病口腔保健知识、态度与行为问卷。采用SPSS26.0和AMOS24.0统计软件进行数据的分析与处理。结果:(1)研究对象的一般情况:305名中老年糖尿病患者的平均年龄为61.08±8.44岁,婚姻状况以已婚者(83.6%)为主,133(43.6%)名具有高中及以上学历,大部分患者具有城镇医疗保险(68.5%),180(59.0%)名患者病程超过5年,58.7%患者具有糖尿病并发症;283(94.1%)名患者空腹血糖≥7mmol/L,大部分患者(70.5%)糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)≥7%。(2)研究对象口腔健康相关生活质量、社会支持、焦虑、口腔保健知识、态度与行为情况:305名研究对象中口腔健康相关生活质量尚可者仅占21.97%,OHIP-14得分为20.49±9.79分,处于较低水平。4个维度中“疼痛与不适”得分排在首位。研究对象社会支持得分38.58±8.60分,大部分患者处于中等水平。焦虑得分48.38±8.87分,39%的中老年糖尿病患者处于焦虑状态,中老年糖尿病患者口腔保健知识、态度与行为总分36.50±10.27分,处于中低水平。(3)研究对象口腔健康相关生活质量的影响因素:年龄、病程、并发症、糖化血红蛋白、婚姻状况、吸烟、文化程度、家庭人均月收入、医疗付费方式、社会支持、焦虑和口腔保健知识、态度与行为对口腔健康相关生活质量有影响(P<0.05)。(4)社会支持、焦虑、口腔保健知识、态度与行为对口腔健康相关生活质量的影响:Pearson相关分析显示:社会支持与焦虑呈负相关(r=-0.483,P<0.05),与口腔保健知信行呈正相关(r=0.402,P<0.05),口腔保健知信行与口腔健康相关生活质量之间呈负相关(r=-0.501,P<0.05),社会支持与口腔健康相关生活质量之间呈负相关(r=-0.414,P<0.05),焦虑与口腔健康相关生活质量呈正相关(r=0.467,P<0.05)。分层线性回归分析显示:文化程度、焦虑、社会支持、口腔保健知识、态度与行为及医疗付费方式是糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量的主要影响因素(P<0.05),最终模型共解释OHIP-14总变异的39.2%。(5)糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量影响因素的结构方程:SEM显示,文化程度对糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量的影响最大,其总体效果路径系数是-0.407;焦虑对口腔健康相关生活质量的直接效果最大,路径系数是0.215,模型各项指标拟合度良好。结论:(1)中老年糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量现状处于偏低水平,亟需改善。(2)基于健康生态学模型分析糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量的影响因素,在个人特质层面:年龄、病程、并发症、Hb A1c水平;心理、认知与行为特点层面:吸烟、焦虑、口腔保健知信行;家庭、社会人际网络层面:无配偶、社会支持;生活和工作环境层面:文化程度、家庭人均月收入;国家卫生政策层面:医保类型对糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量有不同程度的影响。其中,文化程度、医保类型、社会支持、焦虑、口腔保健知识、态度与行为对其影响较大,值得重点关注。(3)社会支持水平越高,焦虑程度越低,口腔保健知识、态度与行为越好,则糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量越高。(4)文化程度对口腔健康相关生活质量的总体影响最大,既可直接影响口腔健康相关生活质量,也可以通过社会支持、焦虑、口腔保健知识、态度与行为、医疗付费方式间接影响;社会支持可直接影响口腔健康相关生活质量,也可以通过焦虑、口腔保健知识、态度与行为间接影响;焦虑对糖尿病患者口腔健康相关生活质量的直接影响最大,口腔保健知识、态度与行为既可以直接影响口腔健康相关生活质量,又在多个变量间起到调节作用。

关键词： 风景园林景观   生态设计   方法  

摘要： 风景园林工程项目是城市建设的一部分,在我国城市化发展不断推进的过程中,风景园林项目建设逐渐得到了改善.目前,我国生态环境体系结构趋于完善,人们在生活当中越来越注重生态环境保护,以期获得良好的居住环境.在开展风景园林设计工作时,就可以融入生态理念,促使工程设计能够以我国生态环境保护与发展作为基础,满足可持续发展的要求.

摘要： Sharks are among some of the most diverse and abundant top-level predators within marine ecosystems. Their predatory role in controlling the population size, distribution and behaviour of species within the lower levels of the food web make them an integral component in both coastal and oceanic communities. However, anthropogenic pressures are causing declines in many shark populations across their range, with the ecological consequences following the removal of top predators from marine communities yet to be fully understood. Insight into the dynamics of shark ecology is further complicated by the heterogeneity of variables regulating natural communities. Despite this, research on trophic cascades, and the direct and indirect effects of apex predators on successive levels of the food web has been achieved where top-level predators have been removed from systems. As a consequence of the difficulty in researching elusive species such as sharks in the marine environment, an understanding of the biology and ecology of many species remains limited. However, such information is critical if effective decisions on the management of shark species and the wider marine environment in which they interact, are to be made. Although considered common, the bronze whaler shark (Carcharhinus brachyurus) remains relatively unstudied. Found in warm temperate environments, this species is known to utilise coastal habitats during the summer months. However, little is known about their movements during the winter months when sightings and interactions with fishermen in nearshore waters cease. Using satellite-linked smart position or temperature transmitting (SPOT5) tags and stable isotope analysis, this research aims to investigate the habitat use and trophic ecology of bronze whaler sharks to establish their role as top-level predators within coastal New Zealand waters. This research further aims to build on current knowledge to ensure sound management decisions regarding this species,

摘要： Understanding the role of the environment in shaping phenotypic variation has been a goal at the heart of evolutionary biology since its inception. Through the work that led to the modern synthesis framework, we see that the environment can act as a force in natural selection, leading to the “survival of the fittest” in a given environment. However, from more recent work, we also see that the environment can shape variation through phenotypic plasticity, or the ability of a genotype to produce more than one phenotype in response to the environment. The role of plasticity in evolution is still a complicated topic, particularly with regard to how selection can act on plastic traits and how plasticity contributes to an individual’s fitness. My PhD work aims to understand the adaptive nature of phenotypic plasticity with a particular focus on maternal nest site choice and its effects on offspring development. An organism’s developmental environment is composed of several dynamic components (e.g. temperature, moisture) that can influence survival and phenotypic outcomes at this very critical early-life stage. While there is a significant amount of literature on developmental plasticity, there is a lack of studies that examine these topics under ecologically relevant conditions. Oviparous reptiles serve as excellent systems for studies on developmental plasticity because many species exhibit no parental care after the point of nesting. This allows for examining the effects of nest site selection and nest environment on development without the confounding effects of parental care throughout development. My work uses these systems to test the adaptive significance of nesting behavior by examining its effects on offspring fitness across life stages in reptile systems. The first chapter of my dissertation assessed nest-site choice and its effects on offspring in the Western painted turtle (Chrysemys picta). I used long-term data on nest-site selection and natural nest micro