摘要： The ever-increasing concentration of human activity in urban areas induces environmental problems beyond their boundaries on scales ranging from local to regional to global, such as resource depletion, land degradation, air and water pollution and climate change. Human- induced climate change is widely acknowledged as one of the greatest sustainability challenges of the present century and it is inextricably linked to urbanization. As a response to climate change, urban areas around the world have committed to reach climate neutrality within the next decades. In this context, the deployment of new technologies can have a key role in achieving carbon neutrality in urban areas. As new technologies emerge, it is essential to assess their environmental performance considering the broader systems context in order to ensure that they can indeed contribute to achieving climate neutrality without compromising environmental sustainability. This thesis aims is to provide insight on the environmental performance of emerging technologies that can be deployed in urban areas in order to contribute to achieving climate neutrality. The two technologies in focus are grid-connected solar microgrids and biochar- based systems for treatment of biomass waste and remediation of contaminated soil. The methods applied to conduct the environmental assessments and fulfil the aim of the thesis are: case studies, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Material and Energy Flow Analysis and Substance Flow Analysis. Moreover, as part of the research efforts, a spreadsheet model based on LCA data was developed. The assessment of the solar microgrid highlighted the importance of using explicit spatial and temporal boundaries when analyzing the environmental performance of energy systems, as it can increase the accuracy of the results. It also revealed that the choice of modeling approach can influence the results of the assessment, which motivates the application of different methodological approaches. Withi

摘要： Sexual deception, entailing the pollination of flowers through mimicry of female insects, is one of the most remarkable pollination strategies to have evolved. This thesis explores two Australian sexually deceptive orchid systems with contrasting patterns of pollinator exploitation. The first three chapters focus on the genus Cryptostylis, a system with a unique case of pollinator sharing - five Australian species, four of which are largely sympatric, all deceive the same male ichneumonid pollinator. In Chapter One, mark-recapture experiments were used to investigate the consequences of ichneumonid pollination on pollen movement in C. ovata. A high pollinator revisitation rate indicated some potential for self-pollination. In Chapter Two, reproductive barriers contributing to the absence of hybrids between Cryptostylis species were investigated. Pre-pollination barriers, assessed in field experiments, did not prevent hybridisation. Hand cross-pollinations conducted among the four common Cryptostylis species in a greenhouse all produced fruits, however seed mass and the percentage of formed embryos were reduced in hybrids. Major differences in ploidy and chromosome number likely explain this post-pollination fitness reduction. Two Cryptostylis species were found to be self-incompatible, marking the first case of self-incompatibility in the Diurideae. The unique reproductive biology of Australian Cryptostylis, encompassing pollinator sharing, self-incompatibility, and post-pollination reproductive isolation driven by large ploidy differences, may indicate that its mode of diversification may differ greatly to those in other sexually deceptive genera. Chapter Three presents the first phylogeny to encompass both Australian and Asiatic Cryptostylis. An Australian origin of Cryptostylis is supported, with a likely single dispersal event to Asia. Ploidy variation and geographic barriers appear to have played a role in diversification across Cryptostylis. In Chapter Four, t

关键词： 青藏高原   新生代昆虫   植物关系   生态学特征   地质学特征  

摘要： 昆虫（或其他动物）与植物的关系(Plant-insectinteractions，orotherinvertebrate)是现代陆地生态系统的重要组成部分，它们之间的营养关系占到整个陆地生态系统的75％以上，对于维持陆地生态系统稳定至关重要。研究地质时期古动植物关系，不仅有助于了解植食性昆虫或其他生物的起源与演化，认识物种之间协同演化的过程，也有助于探究陆地生态系统的演化，及其对地质时期内气候环境变化的响应机制。　　为了深入了解古近纪以来青藏高原与周边地区古动植物关系的演变，本研究以青藏高原中部的中始新世蒋浪植物群，青藏高原东南缘晚始新世芒康植物群，以及云南省中部的早渐新世吕合植物群为研究对象，深入探讨古近纪以来，青藏高原形成和全球气候事件对中国西南地区动植物关系的影响。本研究首先从青藏高原中部蒋浪植物群特异性虫蚀类型入手，验证了地质历史时期环境变化对昆虫产卵行为的影响。然后研究芒康和吕合植物群中的近6000块植物化石，通过建立动植物关系模型和使用古气候模型，探讨了青藏高原形成演变及全球气候事件对青藏高原及其周边地区动植物关系的影响。本研究通过系统性研究整个化石植物群和特异性的虫蚀类型，研究结果表明:　　1)晚始新世到早渐新世(Eocene-OligoceneTransition，EOT)青藏高原东南缘动植物关系剧变　　青藏高原东南缘在EOT时期发生快速隆升，动植物关系剧变。首先，在晚始新世（距今约3460万年），该地区的植物以壳斗科(Fagaceae)和桦木科(Betulaceae)等为主，是典型的常绿落叶阔叶林，被蛀蚀的叶片比例高达38.39％，有大量的叶片被蛀蚀了叶肉和边缘，且存在部分的虫瘿，反映的动植物关系与现代亚热带森林相似。而到了早渐新世（距今约3340万年），该地区植物却以杨柳科(Salicaceae)和蔷薇科(Rosaceae)为主，整体由乔木向灌木过渡，到早渐新世时，芒康地区植被为高山灌丛，与现代该地区植被类型及接近，被蛀蚀比例也下降至24.04％，且蛀蚀种类单一，虫瘿、刺吸和潜叶痕迹大幅减少甚至消失，反映了相应的昆虫类群在该地区的减少甚至消失。　　此外，采用叶缘分析法、气候-叶相多变量分析程序和共存分法析等古气候模型，对芒康卡均植物群不同时期的气候进行了定量重建。结果表明，芒康地区晚始新世到早渐新世温度降低和降水减少，并伴随青藏高原东南缘由于构造运动导致的山体抬升，共同影响了该地区的动物与植物多样性，塑造了青藏高原东南缘特殊的生态系统组成。　　2)青藏高原形成对其周边地区动植物关系的影响　　吕合盆地和芒康盆地的植被类群在晚始新世到早渐新世具有一定的相似性，都是以桦木科、壳斗科为主的亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林。通过动植物关系，本研究发现青藏高原周边地区的植物多样性及组成对EOT响应不明显，而动植物关系却对EOT响应显著，在气候降温期内的LH-2植物组合被蛀蚀叶片的比例和蛀蚀痕迹的多样性明显低于晚始新世的其他化石植物群。早渐新世的吕合盆地反映出了动植物关系的恢复，大量虫瘿和刺吸痕迹出现，被蛀蚀的叶片比例也显著上升，这些迹象表明虽然吕合盆地植被类型未受到EOT影响，但动植物关系却被EOT彻底改变。对比芒康卡均植物群，吕合植物群在早渐新世之后至今仍保持了一定的动植物关系相似性，而芒康卡均植物群却因为青藏高原东南缘抬升，再也没能恢复到晚始新世的水平。两个化石植物群的对比研究反映了地质历史时期内，全球气候事件的影响作用于该时间段内的动植物关系，使动植物关系也随温度等气候因素消长;而区域性的地形地貌改变却永久塑造了该地区各个时期内的动植物关系。　　3)青藏高原隆升改变了高原中部昆虫的分布和适应策略　　本研究在青藏高原中部的蒋浪植物群化石叶片中发现大量动植物关系互作留下的蛀蚀痕迹，其中，蜻蜓目束翅亚目螅科(Coenagrionidae)在叶片内植入的虫卵具有重要的生态学和地质学意义，（以下使用俗称“豆娘”），指示了中始新世蒋浪地区有大量豆娘昆虫活动的痕迹，也表明当时的气候环境适合蜻蜓目及其依赖捕食的其他昆虫生存。经鉴定，化石叶片中的虫卵从数量，植物选择和排列方式上与现代螅科黄螅属最为接近，其现代分布集中在亚热带低海拔地区。由于现代青藏高原中部已经抬升到了平均海拔4500m，由化石植物群所构成的亚热带森林不复存在，依赖于这种生态环境的豆娘也随之消失在了高原中部。目前存在于青藏高原周边3000米高海拔地区的蜻蜓目昆虫大都是不依赖植物进行产卵的蜻科，而依赖植物保护虫卵的螅科只分布在低海拔地区，蜻蜓目在青藏高原分布历史也反映了该地区隆升对其行为的影响。

关键词： 健康生态学   中老年   慢性病患者   抑郁  

摘要： 目的基于健康生态学视角,探讨我国中老年慢性病患者抑郁的影响因素。方法数据来源于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查,纳入年龄在45岁及以上中老年慢性病患者为研究对象,基于健康生态学模型,运用X~2检验和logistic回归分析中老年慢性病患者抑郁的影响因素。结果共纳入研究对象5 250名,抑郁发生率为40.84%,从个人特征看,女性、有肢体残疾、患多种慢性病、BADL受损、IADL受损是抑郁的危险因素;从行为方式看,晚间睡眠时长较长是抑郁的保护因素;从人际网络看,学历较高、对自身与子女关系满意、有社会参与是抑郁的保护因素,居住在农村、独居是抑郁的危险因素;从工作和生活条件看,从事农业工作是抑郁的危险因素,过去一年有收入、住房有洗澡设施是抑郁的保护因素。结论我国中老年慢性病患者抑郁发生率较高。抑郁影响因素是多层次、多维度的。应重视中老年慢性病患者心理状况,从个体到环境因素加强对慢性病患者抑郁的干预。

摘要： 《环境生态学》期刊于2019年5月创刊,至今已出版20期,刊发300余篇稿件。为进一步提升期刊论文质量和学术影响力,鼓励广大专家学者积极为本刊投递优稿好稿,编辑部于2020年岁末组织开展了2020年度"优秀稿件""优秀作者"评选活动。本次评选针对2019、2020年本刊正式刊发论文,在科技论文数据统计机构2019、2020年影响力统计分析数据的基础上,主要参考文章的被引频次、下载量、前沿热点和稿件质量等多方面,

关键词： 肉果草   繁育系统   花粉/胚珠比(P/O)   花部结构特征   繁殖分配   性分配  

摘要： 近年来随着传粉生物学的快速发展,极端环境下植物生存的繁殖策略和传粉机制成为越来越多生物学家研究的热点。分布于青藏高原高海拔地区的肉果草是高山草甸的常见物种之一,为了探明肉果草在高寒缺氧、多风、强紫外线的极端环境下的繁殖策略、传粉机制以及资源分配对策,本研究以青藏高原腹地拉萨河谷地区的高山植物肉果草(Lancea tibetica)为研究对象,在拉萨河北侧的娘热沟山地高山草甸沿海拔梯度设置了三个研究样地[样地1(3790m)、样地2(3940m)、样地3(4090m)],通过野外定点观测和室内实验对肉果草的开花物候、花部结构特征、开花动态以及花粉活力和柱头可授性进行了系统研究,对肉果草主要传粉昆虫的种类、数量以及传粉行为进行了鉴定和统计,并运用花粉胚珠比值、杂交指数及人工套袋实验对其繁育系统进行了详细的测定,最后对肉果草的花期资源分配(性分配、繁殖分配)对策的进行了探究,研究结果总结如下:1.自然状态下,拉萨娘热沟肉果草居群始花期开始于5月中上旬,盛花期集中在6月上旬,持续14天,7月中旬花期结束,随后进入果期,果实成熟期漫长(7～10月),随着海拔的升高各样地肉果草的开花时间依次延后7～10天左右;单花花期样地1(3790m)为4～5天,样地2(3940m)和3(4090m)为5～6天,单株花期低海拔为20～25天,中高海拔为15～20天(主要与单株花苞数有关);肉果草为总状花序,每花序花朵数3～10朵聚集顶生,呈渐次开放;肉果草花朵开放前,雄蕊长度小于雌蕊,花药低于柱头,开放后,雄蕊伸长迅速且显著,花药最终生长至柱头下部或与柱头等高位置就不再生长,雌蕊柱头缓慢生长至花冠筒口部则不再生长;肉果草花粉在花朵开放前(花药未开裂)已经具有活性且较高,之后逐渐下降,花药在开花当天呈现渐次开裂散粉,持续5天,柱头在花朵开放前基本不具有可授性,开放2～3天时各海拔样地的肉果草柱头可授性达到最强,持续6天;综上说明肉果草存在雌雄异位和雌雄异熟现象,这在一定程度上降低了肉果草自花授粉的可能性,而后期雌雄蕊功能的重合又可以弥补传粉昆虫受限、异交不足的情况下有性繁殖受阻的缺陷。2.肉果草的杂交指数OCI等于4,判断肉果草的繁育系统为自交亲和,兼性异交,有时需要传粉者类型;肉果草单花花粉量约为28830.09±961.175粒,胚珠数为249.79±4.17个,花粉胚珠比(P/O)为117.52±4.34,表明肉果草的繁育类型属兼性自交型;肉果草去雄套袋的实验结籽率为0,表明肉果草不存在无融合生殖现象;肉果草在自然状态下的结实率为92.5%,不去雄套袋的结实率为77.5%,与自然状态下的结实率差异不大,说明其生殖过程存在较高的自交亲和力,需传粉者的参与;肉果草在去花冠不套袋实验中的结实率为10%,相较于自然授粉下的结实率偏低,说明花冠对成功传粉起着重要作用,肉果草花冠不仅为传粉者访花提供停靠点且因其下唇腹部具白色髯毛可以粘住花粉,与柱头可授面张合方向相对能大大提高其授粉率;去雄不套袋的结实率为22.5%,相较于自然授粉下的结实率较低,表明肉果草自身花粉会影响自身的结实情况。由杂交指数、花粉胚珠比及套袋实验的结果可以确定肉果草的繁育系统以异交为主,自交为辅。3.肉果草的主要传粉昆虫有隧蜂(Halictus sp.)和蚂蚁(Formicidae sp.),其中隧蜂为最有效传粉者。隧蜂和蚂蚁的身体大小及结构特征极其相似,都能很好的与肉果草的花部特征相适应,能顺利钻进肉果草花冠筒深处,它们在进入或离开肉果草的花冠筒及在其中觅食转身的过程中,其身体上沾染花粉的部位都可以和花药、柱头碰触,从而完成授粉;隧蜂单次访花数量较多,时间间隔短,每花访问时长约1～2min,日活动规律呈单峰状,一般会在上午11:30左右出现,下午13:30左右为访花高峰期,之后迅速减少到没有;蚂蚁在居群内数量较多,活动频繁,其踪迹在全天内都有发现,访花次数上午到中午居多,单次访花时长约1～1.5min。4.肉果草的花期资源分配与海拔的相关性研究表明随海拔的升高,肉果草的个体大小逐渐减小,肉果草的繁殖分配与海拔存在极显著正相关关系(p<0.01),营养分配与海拔存在极显著负相关关系(p<0.01),即随海拔的升高,肉果草对繁殖器官资源的相对投入呈增大的趋势,对营养器官资源的相对投入呈减小的趋势;不同海拔梯度下肉果草各器官生物量的比较发现3个样地的肉果草各部位生物量中均是叶的生物量所占比重最大,所占比重最小的是茎的生物量(指肉果草的地上茎),地上生物量、营养器官生物量(茎叶干重)和繁殖器官生物量(花序干重)都是随海拔的升高而减少;3个样地中个体大小与生物量分配的关系表明肉果草花期繁殖分配和性分配都是个体大小依赖的,即个体越大(地上生物量越多),繁殖分配越低,繁殖投入越高,相应的在雌雄蕊生物量

摘要： 《环境生态学》期刊于2019年5月创刊,至今已出版20期,刊发300余篇稿件。为进一步提升期刊论文质量和学术影响力,鼓励广大专家学者积极为本刊投递优稿好稿,编辑部于2020年岁末组织开展了2020年度"优秀稿件""优秀作者"评选活动。本次评选针对2019、2020年本刊正式刊发论文,在科技论文数据统计机构2019、2020年影响力统计分析数据的基础上,主要参考文章的被引频次、下载量、前沿热点和稿件质量等多方面,综合评选出10篇"优秀稿件";再依据2019、2020年作者向我刊投稿数量、下载量、被引频次和稿件质量等,评选出10位"优秀作者"。获选名单如下。

摘要： The deep sea represents the largest ecosystem on Earth, and is characterised by permanent darkness, high pressure and low temperatures. Despite the seemingly harsh environmental conditions, the deep sea sustains a high biomass that is mostly concentrated around hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. In these 'oases of life', chemosynthesis, the process of converting chemical energy into biomass, enables certain animal groups to form dense populations. One of the dominant animals at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are mussels of the genus Bathymodiolus that harbour bacterial symbionts in their gills. Depending on the composition of the surrounding vent and seep fluids, the mussels contain one or two bacterial types that use methane or sulphur compounds as energy sources for chemosynthesis to thrive and to feed their host animal. Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are highly dynamic ecosystems in which physico-chemical conditions can fluctuate over time. Understanding the degree of physiological adaptation of the deep- sea Bathymodiolus symbioses to such fluctuating conditions can shed light onto their ecological success in these rather extreme habitats. The research presented in my doctoral thesis focuses on the physiological adaptations of Bathymodiolus mussels and their chemosynthetic symbionts to short- and long-term limitations of chemical energy sources that sustain the metabolism of the symbiotic partners. Although numerous physiological studies have been conducted on the Bathymodiolus symbiosis, it was elusive to what extent the transcriptomes of host and symbionts in Bathymodiolus mussels were influenced by deep-sea sample recovery. With my thesis, I settled these uncertainties and uncovered that the expression profile of the host is largely unaffected by the sampling procedure, while the symbionts displayed strong physiological responses (Chapter II). Highly similar responses were also observed in an in situ displacement experiment, where Bathymodiolus mussels

关键词： 科技产业链   生态学   移动互联网   工业文明   生态文明   第一定律   智能手机  

摘要： 美国社会学家尼尔·波斯曼(Neil Postman)说:"技术改变不是加法,也不是减法,而是生态法。公元一千五百年,在印刷机发明五十年之后,我们拥有的不是一个多了印刷机的老欧洲,而是一个不同的欧洲。"(Neil Postman, Technopoly, Vintage Books, New York, 1993, p.18.参考了何道宽先生的译文)互联网,以及相伴而来的移动互联网,都不是只让原来的社会增加某种功能的简单技术,而是"元技术",

关键词： childhood physical activity   coactivity   physical activity engagement   childhood development   positive physical activity benefits   physical inactivity   physically active children   physically inactive children  

摘要： Many Canadian children are not meeting the minimum physical activity guidelines that are associated with healthy growth and development. The mechanisms that underpin childhood physical activity are complex and vary by child. Few researchers have broached this complexity through bioecological approaches that directly source children and their parents. I sought to hear directly from children and their parents about the factors they feel are important in promoting and deterring childhood physical activity; and to learn about the mechanisms by which these factors promote and deter childhood physical activity. The 16 children and 11 parents that participated commented extensively about the importance of coactivity; that is, physical activity with others. Their perceptions and experiences suggest that personal, contextual, and temporal factors affect physical activity by way of promoting or deterring coactivity. Childhood physical activity research should strive to further incorporate coactivity-oriented, bioecological perspectives.