关键词： 教育生态学   高等教育   改革路径  

摘要： 传统高等教育模式下,以人才培养、教学目标为主体的高等院校构建,使学生个体在发展中逐渐出现比例失衡问题。对此,以教育生态学为背景,开展高等教育改革路径分析。在明确高等教育突出贡献后,分析现行高等教育模式存在的问题,并针对具体问题给出"强化教育生态学理念,优化教育制度;避免生态位重叠现象,减轻学生压力;建立高校危机预防机制,应对校内生态危机"三方面的改革路径,以期为实现高等教育优化和创新提供具体建议。

关键词： 生态学自然观   复杂性   生态系统  

摘要： 随着人类对自然界认知的不断深化,人类生态自然观发生多方面、多维度的转变,生态学经历若干科学范式变迁.本质上,生态学范式的变迁是基于人类生态自然观由'简单'向'复杂'的变化,带来思维方式的转变,探索生态学复杂性自然观产生根源、本质和价值,有利于从方法论意义上指导人类的实践行为,使人类认知自然界和理解现实世界有更为广阔的视角.

摘要： Hunting has been used as a central tool by wildlife managers to maintain populations of game species, however, we still lack a good understanding of exactly how hunting influences deer biology. Technological advances in GPS data over the last two decades now enable us to perform more detailed analysis on the effects of human hunters on wildlife populations. This research explores the spatial ecology of hunters and White-tailed deer in the Cross Timbers ecoregion of Oklahoma. Using new statistical methodologies to analyse simultaneous GPS tracking data on deer and hunters to study their spatial interactions. The results show how new methods allow us to quantify the spatial ecology and behaviour of White-tailed deer in response to predation pressure from human hunters in combination with the biotic and abiotic drivers of predation risk and flight response. Giving wildlife managers greater understanding to influence deer populations, and landscapes, in the future.

摘要： Wild turkeys are a wide-ranging species with considerable cultural and economic significance. As they can exist across a variety of ecosystems, understanding how land use affects population vital rates can be a crucial component of informed population management. This is even more important for turkey populations in Maine, where harsh winters can have negative impacts on survival and reproduction. I used a combination of banding and tracking data to better understand the relationship between turkey population ecology at their northern range limit and the diverse landscape gradient they occupy in Maine. I produced wildlife management district specific estimates of turkey abundance that accounted for spatial variation in harvest rate. I examined how turkeys moderated their movement behavior and resource selection according to weather factors during the winter. I expanded on traditional methods used to assess nesting habitat to produce a holistic estimate of turkey nesting habitat quality that accounted for multiple nesting stages and spatial scales. Finally, I simulated movement of turkeys during their seasonal movements between winter and spring to better understand how turkey populations were connected across the state. Turkey populations in Maine appear to be largely stable over the past decade, with populations being most dense in the southern portion of Maine and becoming increasingly less dense farther north and inland. Turkeys during the winter adjust their movement behavior, which was associated with changes in resource selection, in response to increased snow depths and decreased wind chill. Such changes likely allow turkeys to shelter and reserve energy during periods of severe winter weather. During the spring, turkeys depart their winter ranges and establish nesting ranges according to large-scale landscape characteristics. Resource selection changed throughout the nesting period according to the specific behavioral phase a turkey was in, with turkeys inte

摘要： Tropical forest phenology links with biodiversity and ecosystem process but knowledge gaps remain surrounding the dynamics and drivers of all phenological types, its influence on invertebrate distribution, and how fragmentation may change phenological resources available to higher taxa. Over 1 year, we monitored a 16 ha area of logged tropical forest in Malaysian Borneo. Using UAV imagery within a machine learning pipeline we showed the potential of UAVs to identify individual tree crowns and track their phenology through time but highlighted limitations in classifying spectral outliers into phenological events. In parallel, we ground-truthed the UAV phenology data for 135 of these trees, representing 45 taxa and 17 plant families, demonstrating phenology was taxon specific and highly asynchronous across the landscape, with no one environmental factor determining phenological change. Furthermore, using a grid of canopy-set traps we monitored invertebrate biomass weekly, showing they maintain a low-level, patchy distribution across the landscape but are not influenced by phenology. Finally, in a 10-year spatially explicit simulation of forest fragmentation, we showed that reducing forest area, significantly reduced and de-stabilised temporal phenological resource availability in a 7,200 ha area of forest. The asynchrony displayed by tropical forest phenology demonstrates it is a complex process to monitor and despite leveraging the high spatiotemporal resolution of UAV data and the power of machine learning, there are still challenges that need to be addressed. However, our detailed overview of forest phenology demonstrates it can be susceptible to fragmentation and future climatic change, and even though invertebrates were not affected here, this could have reverberating consequences for higher taxa and ecosystem function. Therefore, we would do well to successfully tackle the challenges of UAV monitoring in the tropics, to rapidly and automatedly assess phenologica

摘要： There have been few studies of plant utilization in southern China, especially for the period before the introduction of rice farming to Guangxi. The results of archaeobotanical and palaeoecological assessments of three freshwater shell middens - Baozitou, Shichuantou and Nabeizui - in Nanning City, Guangxi, provide significant data on pre-agricultural subsistence status in southern China. Multiple archaeobotanical methods were applied in this study, including the analyses of macrobotanical remains, archaeological parenchyma, microcharcoal, starch grains, and phytoliths, as well as radiocarbon dating. Two AMS radiocarbon dating programs have refined the chronology of freshwater shell middens in the Yongjiang River Basin. The studied shell middens were all used during the early Holocene between c. 10,100-9000 cal BP. Each shell midden was used for a maximum of 390 years to 1110 years, although probably for much shorter occupation periods. The periods of use for the three sites show significant overlaps. Phytolith and microcharcoal results indicate that palaeoecological trends present in different ways at each site during the period of the occupation. Baozitou and Shichuantou share more similarities in the transformation of the local environment, whereas Nabeizui exhibits opposite trends to the other sites. In addition to the inconsistencies in the palaeoecological trends, each site exhibits a similar period during which palm phytoliths are present. The similar occurrence of palms during a discrete period of occupation at each site is suggestive of human-directed resource intensification of palms in the landscape. The starch grains from the three shell midden sites can be classified into four major types, including Fagaceae, Poacea, USOs and unknown taxa (may include some nuts). The relative abundance of species reflects the diversity of tool-processed food and the diversity of food structure of the subsistence strategy of shell midden people. In terms of the artefact

关键词： 土地资源管理   土地生态学   生态文明   自然资源部  

摘要： 土地资源管理专业担负着向政府机构和企事业单位输送自然资源管理人才的重任,但现有的土地资源管理专业更侧重于土地的资源属性和工程技术属性,课程设置关于土地生态学的内容比较单薄.文章从现有土地资源专业课程体系、生态文明建设和大部制改革等方面,论述在土地资源管理专业课程体系中设置土地生态学课程的客观必要性,为高校土地资源管理专业课程体系改革提供决策建议.

关键词： 海南坡鹿   运动生态学   GPS项圈   重引入   昼夜活动   个体差异  

摘要： 海南坡鹿(Cervus eldii hainanus)是国家一级重点保护动物,被中国濒危动物红皮书列为濒危级保护物种,《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》列为附录一物种,世界自然保护联盟列为濒危物种。海南坡鹿历史上曾在海南岛广泛分布,但如今其野生种群仅栖息于海南省东方市的大田国家级自然保护区内。当前,保护区内海南坡鹿的种群数量在200～300只左右。2019年3月到2020年9月,我们在海南大田国家级自然保护区采用GPS项圈监测技术开展海南坡鹿的运动生态学研究,本研究通过对坡鹿佩戴GPS项圈,记录坡鹿的位点信息等数据。然后利用Arc Gis软件计算海南坡鹿的运动距离,分析其在释放早期的运动特征,旱季和雨季的运动能力的差异;还通过与降雨天气因素的相关性分析,分析坡鹿运动与天气的关系。研究结果表明:(1)野生个体对新环境的适应能力相比圈养个体更强。本研究为释放到海南大田国家级自然保护区的5头海南坡鹿佩戴GPS项圈,研究分析野生个体(3头)和圈养个体(2头)释放早期对新环境适应的运动差异。释放早期定义为海南坡鹿释放后的旱季内(3至6月份)。释放后每30 d作为一个时期,比较坡鹿每个时期的运动速率、扩散距离和累积利用面积,以及每天的活动节律。圈养坡鹿的运动速率和扩散距离到第四个时期都显著增加,它们的累积利用面积也是持续增加的,说明圈养坡鹿释放后持续进行扩散探索。野生坡鹿的运动速率释放后没有显著变化,扩散距离到第三个时期显著减少,它们的累积利用面积也是减少的,说明野生坡鹿经过最初扩散以后返回到原初释放地。圈养坡鹿释放后每天的活动节律由开始的白昼活动高峰模式转变到晨昏活动高峰模式;野生坡鹿释放后的活动节律一直是晨昏活动高峰模式。(2)坡鹿在旱季和雨季的运动能力具有明显的差异,坡鹿在不同时期的运动能力也显示明显的个体差异。本研究为大田国家级自然保护区的11头坡鹿佩戴项圈,研究分析坡鹿在旱季和雨季的差异,以及坡鹿个体在不同时段的运动能力。佩戴项圈的坡鹿有7头的分析结果显示坡鹿在旱季和雨季的运动速率有显著性差异;而且坡鹿的运动速率也存在个体差异,坡鹿在旱季的运动速率最大能达到每小时运动130米,最小每小时运动30米;在雨季的运动速率最大能达到100米,在雨季最小能运动27米。(3)海南坡鹿表现出明显的昼夜活动节律,即在早晨和黄昏活动,中午休息的活动节律。我们的研究认为这种现象的主要原因是温度原因,在对其他有蹄类的活动节律研究中显示有蹄类的活动节律受温度和觅食风险影响形成了晨昏活动的节律,而在大田地区的海南坡鹿基本不受大型食肉动物的影响,但是大田地区地处热带,白天日照时间长、太阳辐射强、温度较高的原因促使坡鹿形成了晨昏活动节律。在我们的研究中,坡鹿表现出了一定的夜间活动能力,这可能也与白天温度较高的原因有关,白天坡鹿为了躲避高温,觅食活动不足,所以会在夜间进行活动以补充白天觅食不足的情况。(4)海南坡鹿的运动能力受降雨影响较小,坡鹿在降雨天气的运动能力要略小于未降雨天气的运动能力。降雨会打断坡鹿的觅食活动,有研究表明坡鹿在降雨天气会躲避在灌木和乔木下避雨,而在未降雨天气坡鹿进行正常的觅食和其他生命活动,所以坡鹿在降雨和未降雨天气会显示出轻微的的运动差异,这也是坡鹿为了适应环境做出的适应性改变。坡鹿在相同降雨条件下,其运动能力也显示出个体差异。

摘要： 《环境生态学》期刊于2019年5月创刊,至今已出版20期,刊发300余篇稿件。为进一步提升期刊论文质量和学术影响力,鼓励广大专家学者积极为本刊投递优稿好稿,编辑部于2020年岁末组织开展了2020年度"优秀稿件""优秀作者"评选活动。

关键词： 人类发展生态学   乡村幼儿   同伴关系   变迁  

摘要： 同伴关系在幼儿生活中,尤其是在幼儿个性发展和社会化发展中具有非常重要的作用。近年来中国乡村环境发生了一系列剧烈变革,生活在乡村中的幼儿其同伴关系必然会受到影响。然而,目前我国已有研究多集中于对城市幼儿同伴关系的研究,忽视了随着乡村不断变革对乡村幼儿同伴关系变迁的研究,且研究方法多以干预、测量、实验等数据分析的量化研究为主,缺少探讨隐藏在数据背后深层次原因的质性研究。对乡村幼儿同伴关系变迁进行全面、深入的质性研究具有重要的意义和价值。本研究以布朗芬布伦纳的人类发展生态学理论为基础,选取甘肃省庆阳市庆城县A村的46位家长及165位幼儿作为研究对象,以N-vivo软件为资料分析工具,探讨了乡村幼儿同伴关系的变迁。研究发现,随着乡村不断发展变化,幼儿间的同伴关系越来越疏远,交往过程中容易出现负面、烦躁等情绪,分享行为极少,交往方式单一且不善于交往,发生一点小矛盾就容易出现打架行为。近40年内,乡村幼儿同伴关系呈现出从群体主体到个体主体,从懂得分享到独自享用,从自己处理到家长处理,从无处不在到无处可去,多了两个“新朋友”,少了两个“老朋友”的变迁现象。从人类发展生态学理论出发发现,影响乡村幼儿同伴关系变迁的因素包括幼儿数量的减少、幼儿学习负担的加重、家长对幼儿宠爱的增加、多媒体的普及、生产方式的转变及乡村文化的不自信。通过对乡村幼儿同伴关系变迁的探究,以及对影响乡村幼儿同伴关系变迁因素的解读,总结出以下对策与建议:美丽乡村建设为幼儿腾出一席之地、政府带头宣传科学的学前教育观念、家长改变对幼儿过分宠爱的态度、家长助力传统游戏回归幼儿生活、多媒体的使用须注重扬长避短、发挥乡镇中心幼儿园指导示范作用、增加乡村文化自信。