关键词： 教育生态学   儿童文学   智慧课堂   教学  

摘要： 本文阐述教育生态学的内涵,从整体效应、最适度原则、生态位原理、限制因子定律、花盆效应等方面阐述教育生态学与儿童文学智慧课堂的融合,基于教育生态学视阈,提出构造整体关联的课堂教学环境、创设动态平衡的课堂教学模式、建立多元开放的教学评价体系等措施,促进智慧课堂在儿童文学教学实践中的发展,提高儿童文学生态化课程体系的实施水平。

关键词： 生物安全   生态学课程   人类健康  

摘要： 生物安全是国家安全的重要前提。该文阐述了生物安全的定义、生物安全教育的意义以及生物安全教育在生态学课程中的应用,以提升学生的生态学理论水平和对生物安全、国家安全的认识。

关键词： 景感生态学   生态安全   生态风险   趋善化模型   迷码数据  

摘要： 景感生态学是指以可持续发展为目标,基于生态学的基本原理,将自然要素、物理感知、心理感知、社会经济、过程与风险等相关因素综合考虑,来研究土地利用规划、建设与管理的科学。不合理的资源和土地开发利用活动常常会带来各种生态风险,从而导致生态安全方面的问题;而景感生态学的主要研究内容涉及土地利用,其目标是与可持续发展相关的人类愿景和社会需求。在追求的目标、遵循的原理、研究尺度及内容上,景感生态学与生态安全研究有许多契合的地方,有必要将景感生态学研究与生态安全研究结合起来。在简要解析生态安全内涵及其主要特点的基础上,探讨了如何将景感生态学思想与方法应用于生态安全研究,重点说明了作为景感生态学主要研究手段的趋善化模型、迷码数据以及物联网如何在生态安全研究中应用于数据获取、评价与预警、以及趋善化模型的构建。随着景感生态学研究的深入,其关注点可以从土地规划和利用扩展到生态安全格局构建与维护,从而更好地将人的愿景及福利与土地利用、生境质量和生态安全结合起来,为区域可持续发展提供科学参考。

关键词： 农业生态学实验课   微信   微课   翻转教学   教学改革  

摘要： 农业生态学是生态学在农业领域中的分支,是理论性和应用性很强的一门综合性学科。随着教育信息化的不断发展,基于微信和微课的翻转教学作为一种新型教学模式在高校中受到广泛的重视,成为教学改革探索的新方向。本文基于塔里木大学农业生态学实验教学中存在的主要问题,制定了课程教学改革实施方案,开展了以微信平台为基础的翻转教学模式的应用探索。实践证明,该教学模式能很好地激发学生主动学习的积极性,提高学生的自主学习能力,显著提升了农业生态学实验课程的教学质量。同时,本研究也为线上、线下混合式教学提供了有效途径。

关键词： MBBR   HN-AD bacteria   High ammonia nitrogen wastewater   Microbial community  

摘要： To overcome long start-up time, poor ammonia tolerance and removal performance of traditional moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) inoculated with activated sludge for high-ammonia wastewater treatment, a novel MBBR based on heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) was proposed. Start-up of MBBR was firstly performed via inoculated with HN-AD bacteria. Start-up time was shortened from 39 d to 15 d, NH4+ tolerance was enhanced from 200 mg/L to 1000 mg/L, and TN removal was increased from 30.4% to 80.7%. The carrier types and NH4+ concentration had significant effects on nitrogen removal and microbial ecology. When the NH4+ concentration was increased to 900 mg/L in MBBR using polyvinyl alcohol gel as carrier, the TN removal, the abundance of HN-AD bacteria Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Paracoccus, which played a key role in TN removal and ammonia tolerance, and the abundance of genes related to nitrogen removal were much higher than those of MBBR using kaldness.

关键词： Fertility-life table   intrinsic rate of increase   pine forest   Pinus brutia  

摘要： Eulachnus tuberculostemmatus(Hemiptera: Aphididae) is the most abundant aphid species attacking pine trees in Isfahan, Iran. Population fluctuations of this species and its natural enemies were studied onPinus brutia var. eldaricaby weekly sampling. Its fertility-life table parameters were determined in the field in spring and summer 2016. Furthermore, effects of different temperatures (15, 20, 25, and 30 degrees C) and irrigation regimens (well irrigated, moderately and highly drought-stressed) on its performance were investigated in the laboratory. The aphid population reached its peak abundance between 11 April and 23 May. Also, a minor peak was observed between mid-November and mid-December. During the survey, no sexual morphs were observed. Most fertility-life table parameters ofE. tuberculostemmatuswere found to be significantly higher in spring than in summer. Aphids reared at 20 and 25 degrees C had a significantly higher net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of increase and finite capacity for increase compared to those reared at 15 and 30 degrees C. Also, the aphid performed significantly better on highly drought-stressed trees, due to higher survival rate, female adult longevity and fecundity. Population peaks of the four Coccinellidae predatorsAdalia bipunctata,Hippodamia variegata,Propylea quatuordecimpunctataandCoccinella septempunctatacoincided with that of the aphid.

关键词： Activity pattern   Axis kuhlii   Bawean   habitat preferences   occupancy modelling   population size   random encounter modelling   Sus verrucosus blouchi  

摘要： The island of Bawean, Indonesia, is home to the endemic Bawean warty pig Sus verrucosus blouchi and Bawean deer Axis kuhlii. Despite their threatened status, no long-term monitoring programme is in place for either species. Using random encounter and occupancy modelling based on 4,516 camera-trap days in 2014 and 2015 we aimed to provide population estimates and ecological data, including habitat preferences, for these species. For the Bawean warty pig we estimate an overall population size of 234-467 mature individuals and demonstrate a negative correlation between probability of occupancy and distance from villages. This preference for human-modified habitat has implications for human-wildlife conflict and hunting pressure for this species. The population of the Bawean deer could not be estimated because of the low number of encounters, but we suggest that this indicates the population is considerably smaller than previously reported. As island endemics, the Bawean warty pig and Bawean deer are particularly vulnerable to threats, and appropriate measures for safeguarding the species need to be taken.

关键词： lichens   Collema s. l. sensu Degel.   epiphytes   monsoon climate   oak and coniferous-broadleaved forests   Primorsky krai   Jewish Autonomous Oblast  

摘要： Environmentally related patterns of the occurrence of 14 collemiform lichen species (Collema s. l. sensu Degel.: C. (Rostania) callibotrys var. callibotrys Tuck., C. complanatum Hue, C. (Enchylium) conglomeratum var. conglomeratum Hoffm., C. (Arctomia) fasciculare var. fasciculare (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg., C. japonicum (Mull. Arg.) Hue, C. leptaleum var. leptaleum Tuck., C. (Enchylium) ligerinum (Hy) Harm., C. nepalense Degel., C. pulcellum var. pulcelllum Ach., C. (Enchylium) pycnocarpum Nyl. (=C. conglomeratum var. crassiusculum (Malme) Degel.), C. shiroumanum var. shiroumanum Rasanen, C. subconveniens Nyl., C. subflaccidum Degel., and C. substipitatum var. substipitatum Zahlbr.) on the trunks of various tree species in different forest types have been analyzed, as has their distribution in the southern part of the Russian Far East. The maximum species diversity of collemiform lichens is observed on the oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.) and linden (Tilia mandshurica Rupr. et Maxim., *** Rupr.) trees (10 and 9 species, respectively), while the minimum diversity is observed on broadleaved trees with a smooth and thin bark. The oak-broadleaved and coniferous-broadleaved (with Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc.) forests meet the ecological requirements of collemiform lichens in the best way;in these forests, 8 and 11 lichen species have been registered, respectively. The three most thermophilic oceanic species, C. complanatum, C. japonicum, and C. subconveniens, have been found only on the coast of the Sea of Japan in the narrow zone of the direct monsoon influence.

关键词： Burial depth   light   osmotic potential   NaCl concentration   temperature  

摘要： Giant chickweed [Myosoton aquaticum (L.) Moench], a troublesome broadleaf weed species, is widespread in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) fields in China. However, limited information is available on its germination and seedling emergence ecology. Thus, three M. aquaticum populations (JS, HN, and AH) from different geographic regions were studied under laboratory conditions to determine the effects of different environmental factors on germination or seedling emergence. The seeds germinated at a relatively wide constant temperature range of 5 to 25 C;however, the optimal temperature for germination varied among the populations. Compared with constant temperatures, fluctuating temperatures with the same mean significantly improved the final germination of all populations. Light was not required for germination. The seeds germinated under a wide pH range of 3 to 10, and the optimum pH was 6 to 7, with a final germination percentage of 81% to 95%. The seeds of all populations showed similar sensitivities to osmotic potential and similar high tolerances of saline conditions. The seedling emergence of all populations decreased with increasing burial depth, and no emergence was observed when the seeds were buried more than 3 cm, but the AH population showed higher sensitivity to burial depth than the others. The results generated from this study will contribute to the development of integrated M. aquaticum management strategies for winter wheat fields in China, and deep plowing and late sowing of autumn-sown wheat are suggested for managing M. aquaticum, as it showed lower germination at a low temperature and under relatively deep burial.

关键词： Sense of smell   Sexual dimorphism  

摘要： Objectives We know little about human olfactory ability in natural settings because current knowledge derives from lab-based studies using nonrepresentative samples of convenience. The primary objective was to use a validated lab tool, the five-item odor identification test, to assess variation in olfactory ability in different environments. Methods Using the five-item test, we conducted two repeated measures experiments that assessed participant ability to correctly identify an odor source in different odor environments. We also examined consistency in odor labelling due to documented potential bias from idiosyncrasies in odor terms. Results We found no variation in olfactory ability due to environment, but this may be due to methodological biases. First, subjective bias results from idiosyncratic differences in participant labelling and researcher coding of answer correctness. Second, better ability to learn odors may provide an advantage to women. Third, reducing positive female learning bias by analyzing consistency in response (regardless of correct odor source identification) results in no sex differences but fails to assess the functional aspect of olfactory ability (naming the correct odor source). Fourth, functional olfactory ability is significantly better in women is significantly better in females, especially in food-rich odor environments. Conclusions Environment was not a significant factor in olfactory ability in this study but that result may be confounded by methodological biases. We do not recommend odor identification as a field tool. Functional olfactory ability exhibits a sex-based pattern but consistency in recognizing the same odor does not. Food-rich odors may enhance olfactory ability in females. We discuss evolutionary and ecological implications of superior female functional olfactory ability relative to food foraging activity.