关键词： artificial reef production   decomposition   food webs   marine fisheries   nutrients   primary production   reefs   threshold effects  

摘要： Artificial reefs are used around the world for many purposes, including widespread deployment to increase fishery yields. These reefs are well-studied from a direct fisheries-based perspective, drawing largely on traditional theory and methodological approaches from population and community ecology. Here we provide an alternative perspective using basic tenets of ecosystem ecology. We focus largely on primary production, as this ecosystem process necessarily constrains the secondary production of fish and invertebrates. We use this ecosystem ecology viewpoint to examine the long-standing attraction/production question-do artificial reefs support 'new' fish production or simply attract individuals from other habitats? Central to this discussion is identifying ecological thresholds and self-reinforcing feedbacks. For example, biological or physical processes may facilitate reaching nutrient supply thresholds where fundamental ecological dynamics are shifted, such as enhanced seagrass allocation of resources to above-ground plant structures following aggregation of fish around reefs. Synthesis and applications. We propose that the scope for enhanced primary productivity (or other accelerated ecosystem processes) is an under-utilized guideline that can be used to prioritize artificial reef deployment as part of broader coastal management programmes. Such an ecosystem ecology perspective may provide new insights into the ecological role of artificial reefs and guide the optimization of their deployment and management.

关键词： infrastructure   speculation   material politics   ecological politics   populism   post-truth   Istanbul   Turkey  

摘要： Despite their imposing material presence, the values and harms stemming from the construction of infrastructural megaprojects remain speculative affairs in Istanbul, Turkey. This article distinguishes two modes of speculation pertaining to megaprojects that present different ethical and political possibilities, namely de-materialising and re-materialising speculation. Contributing to debates about material politics informed by Noortje Marres (Material Participation;Palgrave Macmillan, 2015) and William Connolly (The Fragility of Things;Duke University Press, 2013), our framework of de- and re-materialising speculation avoids isolating material and planetary agency to instead consider how their uncertainties and potentials play a role at the intersection with politico-economic life. Accordingly, we analyse the coalescence of ecological and democratic crises. In Turkey, populism's anthropocentric construction of "the will of the people" exacerbates ecological collapse. But also, ecological collapse inspires a search for a politics and ethics that acknowledge human-nonhuman ecological entanglements. The contestation between de-and re-materialising speculation underscores possibilities and limitations of ecological politics in contexts of populism and post-truth.

关键词： cattle   cow   calf   stray cattle   street cattle   behavior   foraging  

摘要： Cattle are diurnal and distributed all over the world. They are true ruminants and exhibit several behaviors, namely, foraging, reproductive, social, maternal care, dominance, cognitive behavior, and so on. Foraging behavior is essential for their survival, growth, and reproductive fitness. A review of the literature reveals that in most of the research papers and projects, the study of cattle behavior has not been one of the primary objectives of the research-most of the documents focused on foraging and reproductive behavior from the angle of economic prospective only. The Scopus and other searches revealed only 2 publications on street/stray cattle. Street/stray cattle are the perfect model to study their changing behavior during urbanization. Therefore, information on the behavioral ecology of street/stray cattle will be relevant and valuable for the ethologists studying urban ecology and landscape. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

关键词： Insect diversity   Caliphorids   Disease vectors   Insect pollinators   Environmental pollution  

摘要： The landfill garbage includes organic and inorganic matter. The organic matter covers more than 50% of the total waste material. Due to improper management of landfill garbage, it causes serious risks to human health directly by the emission of toxic gasses. On the other hand, landfill sites are the natural habitat of several microbes and arthropods. The present discussion illustrates the impact of landfill garbage on insect ecology and human health. Here, we highlighted the arthropod density as well as diversity. Moreover, the population of insect vectors of various diseases, insect scavengers as well as pollinators has been pinpointed. It shows that landfill sites and adjacent areas are hotspots for a wide variety of arthropods. The proper management of landfill sites could reduce the population dynamics of various insect pests, and health risks could be decreased in low and middle-income countries.

关键词： Citizen science   Data collection   Road ecology   Wildlife vehicle collision   Carcass reporting systems  

摘要： Globally, wildlife-vehicle conflict (WVC) fragments wildlife populations (due to road/traffic-aversion), kills and injures individual animals, can cause wildlife population declines, may eventually contribute to local or total extinction of certain species, and can harm vehicles and drivers. Preventing WVC begins with recording locations of conflict, such as vehicle crashes, animal carcasses (roadkill), or animal behavior around roads, such as avoidance of roads or crossing-behavior. These data are ideally used to inform transportation policy and planning and to retrofit roadways and their structures to reduce WVC. We are collectively involved with or manage eight regional or national systems for reporting WVC in collaboration with volunteers and/or agency staff. In this review, we survey systems for recording WVC by volunteers and agency staff at different geographical scales, based on existing literature and our personal experience. We report the range of data collection methods, data management systems and data visualizations employed as well as discuss the groups and type of volunteers and agencies involved. We use our expertise and the global survey to provide methodological specifications based on current best-practice for collecting and using WVC data to inform transportation and conservation decisions. We conclude with a vision of next steps toward a global network of WVC reporting systems, that have clear and practical applications for improved conservation research as well as guidelines for management of road networks.

关键词： Overdose   Ecology   PWUD   Mortality   Drug use   Opioids  

摘要： Fatal drug overdose represents a significant public health threat in Philadelphia, but substantial variation exists across its communities. This study uses negative binomial longitudinal regression to model ZIP code overdose fatalities over a seven-year period. Model covariates indicate that structural inequality, police arrest activity, and features of the built environment are associated with increased mortality across ZIP codes. Additionally, fatalities are spatially concentrated in select geographies of the city. These findings emphasize the pertinence of community ecological features in the production of stratified within-city health outcomes, and inform the geographic distribution of harm reduction interventions.

关键词： Canis lupus   social structure   video-trapping   time-budget   daily activity  

摘要： The Apennine wolf (Canis lupus italicus, Altobello, 1921) is currently experiencing a period of great population change. Any information that helps to understand this transformation will be valuable for managing it. Here we provide, for the first time, quantitative data (habitat suitability, segregation, seasonal activity, daily time budget, social structure and sex-ratio) on the population of Italian wolf from the Cilento, Vallo di Diano and Alburni National Park, the largest protected area in Italy, that houses a rising population. Using transects to locate signs and traces, we have identified 224 presence points, useful for elaborating the ecological suitability map for the wolf, in and around the Park. The suitable area expands up to 1042.65 km(2), with elevation being the strongest predictive variable affecting the species. The model predicts two main suitable patches (Alburni Mountains and Cervati/Motola Mountains), and at least seven remote areas, differently linked to each other by ecological corridors. Camera-trapping information was collected in the two suitable patches (Alburni and Cervati/Motola) for the wolf and revealed some characteristics of this population. The highest number of wolves was recorded in May and December, and during the night, depending on the reproductive behavior and dynamic of dispersion. Single individuals and couples (at least 3 recorded) are observed more frequently than groups (maximum of 3 groups that varied from three to eight individuals). The sex-ratio in the population, inferred by camera-trapping, showed a balanced population, with males found to be group leader in 91% of the cases. Furthermore, genetic analysis revealed that the males were in charge of marking the territory in 86% of cases. Our data increases the knowledge of the wolf population from Cilento, which seemed to have stopped at the 1990s, until now. Our contribution could be helpful in defining a wolf management strategy in the National Park, as well as in th

关键词： beta diversity   breakpoints   island biogeography   phylogenetic diversity   small-island effect   species-area relationship  

摘要： Aim The small-island effect (SIE) describes a different relationship between island area and species richness on smaller compared to larger islands. The pattern has recently gained widespread support. However, few studies have attempted to identify the actual mechanisms driving the SIE. Here, we use a phylogenetic community framework to study the SIE, based on the assumption that if the dominant assembly processes differ between small and large islands, patterns of phylogenetic community structure should shift across the area and habitat diversity gradient. Location The Aegean Archipelago, Greece. Taxon Plants. Methods We used a large dataset of 3,262 vascular plant species distributed across 173 islands, in combination with a species-level phylogeny. The phylogenetic community structure of each island was calculated using a null modelling framework and was quantified using effect sizes (ES);negative values indicating phylogenetic clustering and positive values overdispersion. Habitat diversity, species richness, phylogenetic diversity (PD) and ES values were regressed against log(10)-transformed area and we tested for a SIE using piecewise regression models. We also assessed differences in taxonomic and phylogenetic composition between small and large islands using a beta diversity framework. Results We found evidence of a SIE using species richness, PD and phylogenetic community structure (ES values). Small islands displayed low variation in habitat diversity and tended to be more phylogenetically clustered, while large islands shifted from phylogenetic clustering towards phylogenetic overdispersion with increasing area and habitat diversity. In addition, we showed that phylogenetic composition tended to be more similar between small islands than expected. Main conclusion Overall, our results provide an example of a SIE in the analysis of island phylogenetic community structure, and point to a role of habitat diversity in driving the SIE more generally.

关键词： Evolutionary ecology   Borrelia   Transmission   Ecological interactions  

摘要： The bacterial genus, Borrelia, is comprised of vector-borne spirochete species that infect and are transmitted from multiple host species. Some Borrelia species cause highly-prevalent diseases in humans and domestic animals. Evolutionary, ecological, and molecular research on many Borrelia species have resulted in tremendous progress toward understanding the biology and natural history of these species. Yet, many outstanding questions, such as how Borrelia populations will be impacted by climate and land-use change, will require an interdisciplinary approach. The evolutionary ecology research framework incorporates theory and data from evolutionary, eco-logical, and molecular studies while overcoming common assumptions within each field that can hinder integration across these disciplines. Evolutionary ecology offers a framework to evaluate the ecological consequences of evolved traits and to predict how present-day ecological processes may result in further evolutionary change. Studies of microbes with complex transmission cycles, like Borrelia, which interact with multiple vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors, are poised to leverage the power of the evolutionary ecology framework to identify the molecular interactions involved in ecological processes that result in evolutionary change. Using existing data, we outline how evolutionary ecology theory can delineate how interactions with other species and the physical environment create selective forces or impact migration of Borrelia populations and result in micro-evolutionary changes. We further discuss the ecological and molecular consequences of those micro-evolutionary changes. While many of the currently outstanding questions will necessitate new experimental designs and additional empirical data, many others can be addressed immediately by integrating existing molecular and ecological data within an evolutionary ecology framework.