关键词： eastern box turtle   habitat selection   herpetology   radio-telemetry   resource selection   spatial ecology   step-selection function   Terrapene carolina  

摘要： Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) are widely distributed throughout the eastern United States. Although once common throughout much of its distribution, the species has experienced declines in local populations. Understanding resource selection is important for the conservation of this species;however, few data exist on resource selection for eastern box turtles in the southeastern United States. We estimated home range and resource selection for 100 individual turtles in the Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, and Cumberland Plateau and Mountains physiographic regions in Tennessee, USA, from 2016 to 2018. We used step-selection functions to investigate eastern box turtle resource selection during May-August 2017 and May-August 2018 at 2 spatial scales. We classified vegetation type, measured vegetation composition and structure, recorded time since fire, and measured coarse woody debris abundance at 1,225 used telemetry locations and 1,225 associated available points. Home range sizes averaged 9.3 ha +/- 3.0 (SE) using minimum convex polygon analysis, 8.25 ha +/- 2.88 using 95% kernel density analysis, and 1.50 ha +/- 0.56 using 50% kernel density analysis. Box turtles selected areas with greater visual obstruction at the 0-0.25-m level, greater amounts of 10-hour and 100-hour fuels (timelag categories used in fire-danger ratings), and greater litter depths compared to available locations. Box turtles were more likely to select areas with greater cover of brambles and coarser woody debris and were less likely to select areas with less vegetation cover. Vegetation type and time since last fire did not affect selection. Our data suggest that management activities that encourage greater understory vegetation cover, greater visual obstruction at the 0-0.25-m level, and greater bramble cover will enhance habitat quality for eastern box turtles. (c) 2020 The Wildlife Society.

关键词： Heterogeneity   Spatial resilience   Governance   Management emergence   Landscape change   Social-ecological system  

摘要： Context Landscape sustainability emerges from interactions between linked human and natural systems. Many of these interactions are mediated by institutions (e.g., rules, laws, customs, traditions), most of which are themselves spatially defined entities that both generate and respond to spatial variation in the landscape. However, the spatial dynamics of the interplay between institutions and landscape heterogeneity are poorly understood. Objective To define the landscape ecology of institutions as an emerging research field, providing a summary of key themes and frontiers. Methods We draw on existing theory in both landscape ecology and institutional analysis to explore the interface between landscape ecology and institutions in social-ecological systems. Results Three central themes in understanding landscape sustainability through an institutional lens include the role of landscape heterogeneity as a driver of institutions;the spatial properties of institutions as influences on ecological and socioeconomic processes;and the relationships between institutions and landscape resilience. Emerging frontiers for further research include understanding the roles of top-down vs bottom up processes (design vs. emergence);understanding landscapes as institutional filters;the role of landscapes in institutional development and change;and co-evolutionary dynamics between landscapes and institutions. We discuss each of these points in detail. Conclusions Spatially mediated feedbacks between landscape structure and institutions are poorly understood and critical for landscape sustainability. Further research in this area will depend heavily on generating data sets that describe the spatial properties of institutions and allow them to be analysed as landscape features.

关键词： Bioremediation   Acid rock drainage   Sulphate-reducing bacteria   16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing   Microbial ecology   Microbial biofilms  

摘要： Biological sulphate reduction (BSR) represents a sustainable process option for the remediation of low-flow acid rock drainage (ARD) effluents. The linear flow channel reactor (LFCR) was developed as a semi-passive bioreactor facilitating sulphate reduction and sulphide removal, through the action of sulphate-reducing bacterial (SRB) and sulphur oxidising bacterial consortia, within a single reactor unit. A consensus on key microorganism(s) required within BSR bioreactor consortia for successful operation is still to be reached. In this study next-generation gene amplicon sequencing was used to assess the microbial communities within an anaerobic LFCR supplemented with acetate as the primary electron donor. The performance of this reactor was monitored for over 1000 days throughout a hydraulic retention time (HRT) study and the composition of the microbial communities within this system assessed at several time points. The reactor exhibited a maximum volumetric sulphate reduction rate of 17.8 mg/L.h at a dilution rate of 0.042 h(-1). Microbial biofilm communities formed on the incorporated carbon microfibres, as well as planktonic communities showed marked changes in community composition over the course of the study. The presence and shifting abundance of SRBs in the biofilm and planktonic communities that had been identified in previous studies to dominate under defined operating conditions allowed the functional role of individual microorganisms to be elucidated. A Desulfatitalea, whose presence had been previously linked to sulphate scavenging at low sulphate concentrations, was found at high abundance at long residence times. Conversely, a Desulfobacter which was previously shown to dominate under conditions of high sulphate loadings and associated high reaction rates and high substrate concentrations was found at a high dilution rate and low residence time in both the planktonic and biofilm communities. Assessment of the microbial communities and overlaying of

关键词： Ostracoda   Ecological tolerance   Elevation   Bisexual populations   Distribution  

摘要： A total of 78 taxa (58 spp) were found from 164 different aquatic sites in Mardin (65 sites) and Mus (99 sites) provinces during August 2013. Of them, 33 living species and 14 subfossils were found from 58 sites of Mardin, while 46 living and 15 subfossils were identified from 91 sites in Mus. All species were new records for both provinces. Bisexual populations of 13 species were reported. Vestalenula boteai, Hemicypris inversus, Hemicypris congenera, Cypretta hirsuta and bisexual populations of Trajancypris clavata and Psychrodromus robertsoni were reported for the first time from Turkey. Cypretta hirsuta was found for the first time out of its type region and locality. Now, the total numbers of bisexual ostracods in Turkey is increased up to 79 species. CCA explained 73.3% of relationships between species and environmental variables. Water temperature, pH and elevation were the most influential factors on species assemblages. Ecological tolerance and optimum estimates of individual species with different sexual mode showed fluctuations for different variables. Although elevation may play a deterministic role on species distribution, response to elevation can be species-specific, and related to several other environmental factors.

关键词： climate change   climate variability   precipitation   seasonal ecosystem  

摘要： Tropical ecologists have long recognized rainfall as the key climate filter shaping tropical ecosystem structure and function across space and time. Still, tropical ecologists have historically had a limited toolkit for characterizing rainfall, largely relying on simple metrics like mean annual precipitation (MAP) and dry season length to characterize rainfall regimes that vary along many more dimensions. Here, we review methods for quantifying dimensions of rainfall variability on multiple time scales, with a focus on ecological applications of these methods. We also discuss key considerations for tropical ecologists looking to use rainfall metrics that better align with hypothesized biological or ecological mechanisms or that more effectively describe rainfall variability in the systems we study and provide a toolkit (R scripts and gridded datasets) to do so. We argue that incorporating more sophisticated approaches to quantify rainfall variability into study design and statistical analyses will enhance our understanding of past, ongoing, and future changes in tropical ecosystems. in Spanish is available with online material.

关键词： Dinosauria   Dromaeosauridae   endosseous labyrinth   neuroanatomy   sensory anatomy   Theropoda  

摘要： Neuroanatomical reconstructions of extinct animals have long been recognized as powerful proxies for palaeoecology, yet our understanding of the endocranial anatomy of dromaeosaur theropod dinosaurs is still incomplete. Here, we used X-ray computed microtomography (mu CT) to reconstruct and describe the endocranial anatomy, including the endosseous labyrinth of the inner ear, of the small-bodied dromaeosaur,Velociraptor mongoliensis. The anatomy of the cranial endocast and ear were compared with non-avian theropods, modern birds, and other extant archosaurs to establish trends in agility, balance, and hearing thresholds in order to reconstruct the trophic ecology of the taxon. Our results indicate thatV. mongoliensiscould detect a wide and high range of sound frequencies (2,368-3,965 Hz), was agile, and could likely track prey items with ease. When viewed in conjunction with fossils that suggest scavenging-like behaviours inV. mongoliensis, a complex trophic ecology that mirrors modern predators becomes apparent. These data suggest thatV. mongoliensiswas an active predator that would likely scavenge depending on the age and health of the individual or during prolonged climatic events such as droughts.

关键词： anthropogenic climate change   cyclic population dynamics   detection and attribution   global change ecology   inference-based ecological modelling   larch budmoth system  

摘要： Research into global change ecology is motivated by the need to understand the role of humans in changing biotic systems. Mechanistic understanding of ecological responses requires the separation of different climatic parameters and processes that often operate on diverse spatiotemporal scales. Yet most environmental studies do not distinguish the effects of internal climate variability from those caused by external, natural (e.g. volcanic, solar, orbital) or anthropogenic (e.g. greenhouse gases, ozone, aerosols, land-use) forcing factors. We suggest extending the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' (DA) to unravel abiotic drivers of ecological dynamics in the Anthropocene. We therefore apply DA to quantify the relative roles of natural versus industrial temperature change on elevational shifts in the outbreak epicentres of the larch budmoth (LBM;Zeiraphera dinianaorgriseanaGn.);the classic example of a cyclic forest defoliating insect. Our case study shows that anthropogenic warming shifts the epicentre of travelling LBM waves upward, which disrupts the intensity of population outbreaks that occurred regularly over the past millennium in the European Alps. Our findings demonstrate the ability of DA to detect ecological responses beyond internal system variability, to attribute them to specific external climate forcing factors and to identify climate-induced ecological tipping points. In order to implement the climatological concept of 'Detection and Attribution' successfully into modern global change ecology, future studies should combine high-resolution paleoenvironmental reconstructions and state-of-the-art climate model simulations to inform inference-based ecosystem models. A freePlain Language Summarycan be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

关键词： detritus   diel vertical migration   mysids   omnivore   predation risk  

摘要： Diel vertical migration (DVM) is common in aquatic organisms. The trade-off between reduced predation risk in deeper, darker waters during the day and increased foraging opportunities closer to the surface at night is a leading hypothesis for DVM behaviour. Diel vertical migration behaviour has dominated research and assessment frameworks forMysis, an omnivorous mid-trophic level macroinvertebrate that exhibits strong DVM between benthic and pelagic habitats and plays key roles in many deep lake ecosystems. However, some historical literature and more recent evidence indicate that mysids also remain on the bottom at night, counter to expectations of DVM. We surveyed the freshwaterMysisliterature using Web of Science (WoS;1945-2019) to quantify the frequency of studies on demographics, diets, and feeding experiments that considered, assessed, or includedMysisthat did not migrate vertically but remained in benthic habitats. We supplemented our WoS survey with literature searches for relevant papers published prior to 1945, journal articles and theses not listed in WoS, and additional references known to the authors but missing from WoS (e.g. only 47% of the papers used to evaluate in situ diets were identified by WoS). Results from the survey suggest that relatively little attention has been paid to the benthic components ofMysisecology. Moreover, the literature suggests that reliance onMysissampling protocols using pelagic gear at night provides an incomplete picture ofMysispopulations and their role in ecosystem structure and function. We summarise current knowledge ofMysisDVM and provide an expanded framework that more fully considers the role of benthic habitat. Acknowledging benthic habitat as an integral part ofMysisecology will enable research to better understand the role ofMysisin food web processes.

关键词： Soil micro-ecology response   Pyrene stress   Pollutants interaction   Pollutants fate  

摘要： Co-presence of organic pollutants and heavy metals in soil is causing increasing concerns, but the lack of knowledge of relation between soil ecology and pollutant fate is limiting the developing of specific control strategy. This study investigated soil change under pyrene stress and its interaction with cadmium (Cd). Soil physicochemical properties were not seriously influenced. However, pollutants' presence easily varied soil microbial activity, quantity, and diversity. Under high-level pyrene, Cd presence contributed to soil indigenous microorganisms' adaption and soil microbial community structure stability. Soils with both pyrene and Cd presented 7.11-12.0% higher pyrene degradation compared with single pyrene treatment. High-throughput sequencing analysis indicated the proportion of Mycobacterium sp., a commonly known PAHs degrader, increased to 25.2-48.5% in treatments from 0.52% in control. This phenomenon was consistent with the increase of PAHs probable degraders (the ratio increased to 2.86-6.57% from 0.24% in control). Higher Cd bioavailability was also observed in soils with both pollutants than that with Cd alone. And Cd existence caused the elevation of Cd resistant bacterium Limnobacter sp. (increased to 12.2% in CdCK from 2.06% in control). Functional gene prediction also indicated that abundance of genes related to nutrient metabolism decreased dramatically with pollutants, while the abundances of energy metabolism, lipid metabolism, secondary metabolites biosynthesis-related genes increased (especially for aromatic compound degradation related genes). These results indicated the mutual effect and internal-interaction existed between pollutants and soils resulted in pollutants' fate and soil microbial changes, providing further information regarding pollutants dissipation and transformation under soil microbial response. (c) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

关键词： QSAR   Ecology   Biocide   Pesticide   Daphnia magna  

摘要： Quantitative structure - activity relationships (QSARs) which are obtained with a representation of the molecular architecture via simplified molecular input-line entry system (SMILES) are applied to build up predictive models of acute toxicity of pesticides towards Daphnia magna. The acute toxicity towards Daphnia magna is an adequate measure of the ecological impact of various substances. The Monte Carlo technique is the basis to build up the above QSAR models. The statistical quality of suggested models is good: the best model is characterized by n = 103, R-2 = 0.76, RMSE = 0.91 (training set);n = 53, R-2 = 0.82, RMSE = 0.87 (validation set). The approach provides the mechanistic interpretation (e.g. aromaticity and branching of carbon skeleton are promoters of increase for toxicity towards Daphnia magna in the case of the examined set of pesticides). The approach is attractive to build up predictive models since instead of a large number of different molecular descriptors the corresponding model is based on solely one optimal descriptor calculated with SMILES and all necessary calculations can be done using the CORAL software available on the Internet (http://***/coal).