关键词： Environment   Disaster   Migration   Hurricane Maria   Hurricane Irma   Community-based assessment   Medical ecology   Puerto Rico   Qualitative methods   Critical consciousness  

摘要： BackgroundTwo devastating sequential hurricanes impacted Puerto Rico during September of 2017. The hurricanes were traumatic and created social and ecological upheaval throughout Puerto Rico, and subsequently in communities of Central Florida where affected Puerto Ricans migrated. The 2017 hurricane season exposed and exacerbated previous long-standing socio-political, economic, environmental, and health crises, generating a humanitarian emergency in the country. The consequences of these human-ecological disasters destroyed much of Puerto Rico's residential and environmental infrastructure, displacing thousands of people and resulting in an unprecedented migration to the United States. We report on the lived experience of the investigator team and partnership in conducting community-based formative research subsequent to this disaster, research that aimed to identify salient issues relating to the impact of Hurricanes Irma and Maria on Puerto Rican communities both in Puerto Rico and in Central *** challenges faced during the conduct of this research include but are not limited to (1) emotional distress of participants and team members, (2) access to affected populations, and (3) precarious environmental factors, such as unstable infrastructure. To address these challenges, the researchers applied a Critical Medical Ecological paradigm along with qualitative methods to assist constructing explanatory models while obtaining internally-valid (from the community perspective), cathartic narrative accounts of the lived experience of hurricane survivors. The experience of the research team may help inform other investigators conducting applied research during a humanitarian *** learned in this research included: (1) usefulness of applying the Critical Medical Ecological model in the development of the project, (2) incorporating participation and methods that prioritize authenticity, (3) understanding the trauma experience and using

关键词： Multi-strain SIS model   Coinfection   Slow-fast dynamics   Weak selection   Competition-cooperation   Multispecies coexistence   Invasion fitness network  

摘要： Multi-type infection processes are ubiquitous in ecology, epidemiology and social systems, but remain hard to analyze and to understand on a fundamental level. Here, we study a multi-strain susceptible-infected-susceptible model with coinfection. A host already colonized by one strain can becomemore or less vulnerable to co-colonization by a second strain, as a result of facilitating or competitive interactions between the two. Fitness differences between N strains are mediated through N-2 altered susceptibilities to secondary infection that depend on colonizer-cocolonizer identities (K-ij). By assuming strain similarity in such pairwise traits, we derive a model reduction for the endemic system using separation of timescales. This 'quasi-neutrality' in trait space sets a fast timescale where all strains interact neutrally, and a slow timescale where selective dynamics unfold. We find that these slow dynamics are governed by the replicator equation for N strains. Our framework allows to build the community dynamics bottom-up from only pairwise invasion fitnesses between members. We highlight that mean fitness of the multi-strain network, changes with their individual dynamics, acts equally upon each type, and is a key indicator of system resistance to invasion. By uncovering the link between N-strain epidemiological coexistence and the replicator equation, we show that the ecology of co-colonization relates to Fisher's fundamental theorem and to Lotka-Volterra systems. Besides efficient computation and complexity reduction for any system size, these results open new perspectives into high-dimensional community ecology, detection of species interactions, and evolution of biodiversity.

摘要： 生态学是研究生态环境变化,特别是环境污染对人体健康和疾病影响的科学;医学生态学研究是在群体的水平上研究与分析某种暴露因素与疾病之间的关系.如何利用各类死亡监测数据、肿瘤登记数据、慢性病及危险因素分布数据探讨可能的危险因素与疾病之间的关联,提出新的科学假说?医学生态学研究可以为我们提供新的思路和可行性.

关键词： Bangladesh   unbounding   housing   homemaking   informal settlements   migrant homes  

摘要： The paper contributes to the growing research on relational thinking about housing and home by exploring the informal homes of rural migrants in Khulna city, Bangladesh. The concept of 'unbounding' is used to trace the fluidity and connections established between migrant homes and neighbourhood socio-ecologies. Walking interviews exploring women's livelihoods reveal that different expendable agencies of the urban environment (e.g. trash, weeds and animal excreta) create conditions for labour in which migrant women hold specific competencies to secure essential resources for home. Unbounding positions home within a socio-ecology of multiple houses that women traverse to support their urban living. The approach offers opportunities to examine the unique ways urban homeless populations strategically as well as affectively engage with under-recognized agencies and actors in informal settlements. Unbounding provides a useful lens with which to raise new conceptual and empirical questions about housing and home in relation to the city that contributes to the homes and livelihoods of marginalized populations.

关键词： Fisheries   marine protected marine areas   Imraguen   applied research   conservation   west Africa  

摘要： Marine fish stocks are increasingly being exploited to unsustainable levels. Yet, knowledge of basic biological and ecological traits of species, required to sustain fisheries management at a local scale, remains scarce. We investigated the reproductive biology and growth of two marine catfishes: rough-head sea catfish (Arius latiscutatus) and Guinean sea catfish (Carlarius parkii). Both species showed one spawning season between May and June. Nevertheless, as these are mouth brooding species, we have considered that the reproduction season may be underway until August. Mean fork length of females at first maturity was similar to 40cm for A. latiscutatus and 35cm for C. parkii, corresponding to 4-5 years for both species. Higher fecundity was found in larger females, with a mean of 45 and 26 eggs for A. latiscutatus and C. parkii, respectively. Differences recorded in sex ratio throughout the year suggest that females can leave the study area after the spawning season or that differences in behaviour may lead to differential sex catchability. The two species showed similar growth curves, despite A. latiscutatus reaching larger lengths at the same age. Estimated length-weight relationships suggest that both species present a positive isometric growth pattern. Our results highlight the slow life-history strategy of the two studied catfish species, thus emphasizing their vulnerability to fishing activities. We suggest that a short-term fishing closure during the spawning period (May-June) in the PNBA may be an important management measure to ensure reproduction opportunities for both species and, therefore, guarantee fishing sustainability.

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摘要： "The end of Japanese cinema: industrial genres, national times, and media ecologies."Visual Studies, 35(5), pp. 499–500