关键词： 生態學   瓦爾明   申佩爾   剽竊   學術傳統   創造性  

摘要： 瓦尔明（Eugenius Warming）和申佩尔（Andreas Schimper）是生态学界广为认可的现代植物生态学奠基人。然而，申佩尔由於其代表作《基於生理学的植物地理学》（1898）与稍早的瓦尔明巨着《植物群落：生态植物地理学发凡》（1895）颇多相似之处，落入剽窃的嫌疑，引发科学史界的长期争议。本文首先撮述两人着作的主要思想和内容作为理解此案的背景，进而追溯此案的缘起与演进。通过重新勘对两书文本，本文证实申佩尔并无剿袭瓦尔明之事；并借助已有的生态学史研究成果，尤其是奇塔迪诺（Eugene Cittadino）《以自然为实验室》一书，阐明两书相似性之由来乃在共同的思想渊源——19世纪末植物地理学领域兴起的功能形态-生理学研究纲领，同时分梳了两人微妙而关键的差异，以展现早期生态学思想的精微结构。申佩尔污名之来源即在於上述共同渊源和精细差异被忽视。本研究廓清了早期生态学史的重大关节，有助於允当理解瓦尔明和申佩尔之於生态学的意义，并为广义的科学史如何合理评估创造性提供了一个适切而有趣的案例。

摘要： The cryptic nature of sociality in many reptile species suggests that their social behaviour may indeed be more complex and varied than previous research supposes. I propose that the Midland Painted Turtle (MPT; Chrysemys picta marginata) demonstrates cryptic social organization in its nesting and basking behaviours. In this thesis, I aim to: i) describe patterns of social organization in MPT, and ii) investigate influences on the social behaviour of MPT. In Chapter I, I investigate the potential for kin-bias in the communal nesting behaviour of MPT. I show that this bias is not present in MPT, and suggest that environmental factors and body size largely govern MPT nesting behaviour. In Chapter II, I investigate social organization in basking aggregations of MPT. I show that kin-bias is present in this behaviour. Further, I demonstrate that sex, body size, and capture frequency of MPT affect their social behaviour.

关键词： Woodpecker   Foraging ecology   Tree characteristic   Forest alteration   Forest management   Keystone species  

摘要： Woodpeckers are important forest species because they prey on tree pests and have been argued to act as keystone species through their effects as ecosystem engineers, creating breeding and shelter sites for numerous vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. We reviewed literature on tree characteristics associated with use by North American woodpeckers in the genera Campephilus, Dryobates, Dryocopus, and Picoides because forest alterations affecting this insectivorous bark-foraging guild can have cascading effects on other forest wildlife. We found that the number of studies of woodpecker tree-scale foraging was uneven across both species (ranging from 22 studies of hairy woodpeckers [Dryobates villosus] to no studies of tropical species) and ecoregions (ranging from 38 studies in Eastern Temperate Forests to no studies in Tropical Dry and Tropical Wet ecoregions). Unaltered forests were studied less than altered forests, with studies in silviculture- and wildfire-altered stands being the most commonly studied. Studies of tree characteristics largely focused on tree architecture (estimates of tree size, tree species), tree condition (live, degrading, dead, aged), foraging location (where birds foraged on trees), and environmental factors (tree burn severity, presence of bark- and wood-boring beetles, pheromone and herbicide applications), revealing four consistent patterns: 1) use of trees with relatively moderate-large diameter, 2) use of trunks more than other foraging substrates (e.g., limbs, twigs, leaves, cones, etc.), 3) use of middle portions of trees more than the lower- and upper-most portions of trees, and 4) a positive relationship between woodpecker tree use and tree use by boring beetles. Studies relating tree use to tree anatomy (e.g., bark thickness, wood hardness) and physiology (e.g., characteristics of oleoresin, phloem) were rare, including those related to tree environmental stressors (low water availability, high tree density, fire) that affect tree use

关键词： Terrestrial laser scanning   Ground-based LiDAR   Forest ecology   Forest plot measurement   Tree structure   Remote sensing  

摘要： Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) was introduced for basic forest measurements, such as tree height and diameter, in the early 2000s. Recent advances in sensor and algorithm development have allowed us to assess in situ 3D forest structure explicitly and revolutionised the way we monitor and quantify ecosystem structure and function. Here, we provide an interdisciplinary focus to explore current developments in TLS to measure and monitor forest structure. We argue that TLS data will play a critical role in understanding fundamental ecological questions about tree size and shape, allometric scaling, metabolic function and plasticity of form. Furthermore, these new developments enable new applications such as radiative transfer modelling with realistic virtual forests, monitoring of urban forests and larger scale ecosystem monitoring through long-range scanning. Finally, we discuss upscaling of TLS data through data fusion with unmanned aerial vehicles, airborne and spaceborne data, as well as the essential role of TLS in validation of spaceborne missions that monitor ecosystem structure.

关键词： Reservoirs   Macroinvertebrate   Environmental flows   Eutrophication   Nutrients   Algae  

摘要： Cultural eutrophication and river regulation have been identified as two of the most pressing threats to global freshwater biodiversity. However, we know little about their combined ecological effects, raising questions over biomonitoring practices that typically consider such stressors in isolation. To address this inconsistency, we examined a decade-long dataset of macroinvertebrate samples and environmental data collected downstream of three reservoirs spanning a broad gradient of trophic states, from mesotrophic to hypereutrophic. We analysed the responses of routine macroinvertebrate biomonitoring indices and community composition to antecedent flow, temperature and water quality, including parameters associated with eutrophication (total phosphorous, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, chlorophyll a). Multi-model comparisons of linear regressor combinations, variation partitioning and distance-based redundancy analyses all revealed shifts in the relative significance of flow and water quality predictors across the trophic state gradient. At the mesotrophic site biomonitoring indices and community composition were most sensitive to seasonal flow variability- particularly high-flow conditions- whereas in the hypereutrophic system stronger associations with nutrient concentrations emerged, notably nitrite and nitrate. Patterns at the eutrophic site were broadly intermediate between these, with significant biotic responses to antecedent flows mediated by water quality. Based on these results we suggest that nutrient regimes should be regarded as an integral component of environmental flows science. We therefore call on practitioners to look beyond the stressor-specific indices widely used to assess ecological status in rivers to consider the interactive effects of flow and water quality. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

关键词： Africa   Isoscape   Geology   Machine learning   Mobility   Provenience  

摘要： Eastern Africa is a key region for studying archaeological, palaeontological, and ecological movements. This region hosts critical developments in hominin and human evolution, the dispersal of food-producing populations across the continent, and some of the largest known contemporary mammalian migrations on the planet. Strontium isotope analysis of biominerals such as tooth enamel, eggshell, and other tissues in modern animals have been used to reconstruct migration, residential mobility, and provenience. The diverse geologies of Kenya and Tanzania, ranging from the Archaean Basement System rocks of the Tanzania Craton to the recent volcanics of rift valleys, make it a highly promising area for mobility and provenience studies using strontium isotope ratios (Sr-87/Sr-86). Nevertheless, the application of strontium isotope analysis to reconstruct migration and individual mobility has been limited in the region due to the lack of a map predicting biologically available (bioavailable) Sr-87/Sr-86. We present bioavailable Sr-87/Sr-86 data from a variety of modern and archaeological materials throughout Kenya and northern Tanzania. We show that Sr-87/Sr-86 of living organisms in the study area range from as low as 0.70439 for samples collected from Neogene volcanics to 0.72796 for samples collected from Precambrian Basement System rocks. We also present an Sr-87/Sr-86 map (isoscape) of Kenya and Tanzania developed using a machine-learning framework and a compilation of bioavailable Sr-87/Sr-86 data from Africa. This map provides the first predictions of bioavailable Sr-87/Sr-86 for East Africa, and represents a crucial resource for future work on ancient and modern animal and human mobility.

摘要： This thesis includes the research, rationale and implementation of refutation texts, field trips, and concept mapping as core teaching methodologies in the development of a complete introductory ecology curriculum for high school level students. The goal of which is to promote reading comprehension and scientific literacy, and facilitate greater environmental appreciation and positive ecological behaviors in students to help them become more environmentally aware and scientifically educated members of society.

摘要： 我国原生态唱法多源于偏远少数民族区域,但这些偏远区域的教育水平通常比较滞后,更倾向于利用口头语言方式进行传授.而原生态唱法就是基于这种口传身教形式进行传承发展,并没有专业的学习资料与系统的学习方法,这就导致原生态唱法虽然拥有较高的民族文化与艺术传承价值,但在信息社会高速发展的今天仍旧存在失传的风险.原生态唱法是先辈们代代生活经验与民族艺术心血的凝聚,是我国非物质文化遗产的重要内容.将原生态唱法融入高校声乐教学中,能有效保护原生态唱法、维护人文环境平衡,为我国传统民族文化的弘扬与发展提供支持.高校作为社会人才培养的主阵地,对于保护传统民族文化、传承原生态唱法具有重要的作用,所以需要充分利用高校教育资源优势,规范、整理相应的原生态唱法资料,明确原生态唱法的精髓,使原生态唱法真正融入高校声乐教学中.

关键词： 生态学   野外实习   教学模式  

摘要： 为了积极推进新时期生态学科“双一流”建设步伐,依托生态学科研教学基地,结合生态学野外实习教学经验,探讨研究型生态学野外实习的教学理念、实习安排及教学考核等。研究型野外实习将科研与实践教学有效融合,该实习特别强调生态学研究方法、数据分析处理、PPT展示及小论文的撰写。实践结果表明,野外实习激发了学生对生态学的学习兴趣,拓展了学生对生态学理论知识及研究方法的应用能力,提高了学生探索与参与实习的热情,为生态学专业创新型、研究型及应用型人才的培养奠定了基础。