关键词：
马尔库塞
生态哲学
和谐共生
摘要：
作为法兰克福学派的诸多代表人物之一,马尔库塞的生态哲学思想独树一帜。马尔库塞认为传统意义上的自由观在现代社会中已然陷入困境,基于此他创造性地提出生态哲学中的自由与解放理念,提倡从生态维度重新审视自由,将自然解放与人类解放相统一。其批判资本主义制度下人们对自然资源的掠夺式开发,指出这种发展模式或将威胁到人类文明的持久永存。首先,就自由与解放理念在生态哲学中的具体内涵而言,马尔库塞提出“双向解放”。其次,马尔库塞揭示生态危机的根源在于资本主义制度的不合理性,指出若要实现自由与解放,须得对资本主义制度进行根本性变革,取而代之建立一种符合生态原则的新型社会制度。然后,在实现自由与解放的路径方面,马尔库塞认为应着重唤醒人们的生态危机意识,从而摒弃传统的发展理念。最后,马尔库塞指出推动社会制度变革,建立生态社会主义,实现人与自然的和谐共生是至关重要的。As one of the many representative celebrities of the Frankfurt School, Marcuse’s ecological philosophy is unique. Marcuse believes that the traditional concept of freedom has been in trouble especially in modern society, based on which he creatively puts forward the concept of freedom and liberation in ecological philosophy, advocates to re-examine freedom from the ecological dimension and unifies the liberation of nature with the liberation of all people. He criticizes the predatory exploitation of people’s natural resources under the capitalist system, pointing out that this mode of development may threaten the sustainability of all human civilization. First, Marcuse proposed “two-way emancipation” in terms of the specific connotation of the concepts of freedom and emancipation in the ecological philosophy field. Secondly, Marcuse revealed that the root of the ecological crisis lay in the irrationality of the capitalist system, pointing out that to achieve freedom and liberation, fundamental changes had to be made to the capitalist system, replaced by a new social system that aligned with ecological principles. Furthermore, in terms of the path to achieving freedom and liberation, Marcuse believed that the focus should have been on awakening people’s awareness of the ecological crisis, thereby abandoning traditional development ideas. Lastly, Marcuse emphasized that it was crucial to promote the transformation of the social system, establish ecological socialism, and achieve harmonious coexistence between humans and nature.
