First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole in the Center of the Milky Way

作     者：Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Balokovic, Mislav Barrett, John Baubock, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-kwan Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougal, Sean Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Ford, H. Alyson Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. Garcia, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo, I Gomez, Jose L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek, V Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Daeyoung Lee, Sang-Sung Leung, Po Kin Levis, Aviad Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg Lindqvist, Michael Lisakov, Mikhail Liu, Jun Liu, Kuo Liuzzo, Elisabetta Lo, Wen-Ping Lobanov, Andrei P. Loinard, Laurent Lonsdale, Colin J. Lu, Ru-Sen Mao, Jirong Marchili, Nicola Markoff, Sera Marrone, Daniel P. Marscher, Alan P. Marti-Vidal, Ivan Matsushita, Satoki Matthews, Lynn D. Medeiros, Lia Menten, Karl M. Michalik, Daniel Mizuno, Izumi Mizuno, Yosuke Moran, James M. Moriyama, Kotaro Moscibrodzka, Monika Muller, Cornelia Mus, Alejandro Musoke, Gibwa Myserlis, Ioannis Nadolski, Andrew Nagai, Hiroshi Nagar, Neil M. Nakamura, Masanori Narayan, Ramesh Narayanan, Gopal Natarajan, Iniyan Nathanail, Antonios Fuentes, Santiago Navarro Neilsen, Joey Neri, Roberto Ni, Chunchong Noutsos, Aristeidis Nowak, Michael A. Oh, Junghwan Okino, Hiroki Olivares, Hector Ortiz-Leon, Gisela N. Oyama, Tomoaki Palumbo, Daniel C. M. Paraschos, Georgios Filippos Park, Jongho Parsons, Harriet Patel, Nimesh Pen, Ue-Li Pesce, Dominic W. Pietu, Vincent Plambeck, Richard PopStefanija, Aleksandar Porth, Oliver Potzl, Felix M. Prather, Ben Preciado-Lopez, Jorge A. Pu, Hung-Yi Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh Rao, Ramprasad Rawlings, Mark G. Raymond, Alexander W. Rezzolla, Luciano Ricarte, Angelo Ripperda, Bart Roelofs, Freek Rogers, Alan Ros, Eduardo Romero-Canizales, Cristina Roshanineshat, Arash Rottmann, Helge Roy, Alan L. Ruiz, Ignacio Ruszczyk, Chet Rygl, Kazi L. J. Sanchez, Salvador Sanchez-Arguelles, David Sanchez-Portal, Miguel Sasada, Mahito Satapathy, Kaushik Savolainen, Tuomas Schloerb, F. Peter Schonfeld, Jonathan Schuster, Karl-Friedrich Shao, Lijing Shen, Zhiqiang Small, Des Sohn, Bong Won SooHoo, Jason Souccar, Kamal Sun, He Tazaki, Fumie Tetarenko, Alexandra J. Tiede, Paul Tilanus, Remo P. J. Titus, Michael Torne, Pablo Traianou, Efthalia Trent, Tyler Trippe, Sascha Turk, Matthew van Bemmel, Ilse van Langevelde, Huib Jan van Rossum, Daniel R. Vos, Jesse Wagner, Jan Ward-Thompson, Derek Wardle, John Weintroub, Jonathan Wex, Norbert Wharton, Robert Wielgus, Maciek Wiik, Kaj Witzel, Gunther Wondrak, Michael F. Wong, George N. Wu, Qingwen Yamaguchi, Paul Yoon, Doosoo Young, Andre Young, Ken Younsi, Ziri Yuan, Feng Yuan, Ye-Fei Zensus, J. Anton Zhang, Shuo Zhao, Guang-Yao Zhao, Shan-Shan Ozel, Feryal Agurto, Claudio Allardi, Alexander Amestica, Rodrigo Araneda, Juan Pablo Arriagada, Oriel Berghuis, Jennie L. Bertarini, Alessandra Berthold, Ryan Blanchard, Jay Brown, Ken Cardenas, Mauricio Cantzler, Michael Caro, Patricio Castillo-Dominguez, Edgar Chan, Tin Lok Chang, Chih-Cheng Chang, Dominic O. Chang, Shu-Hao Chang, Song-Chu Chen, Chung-Chen Chilson, Ryan Chuter, Tim C. Ciechanowicz, Miroslaw Colin-Beltran, Edgar Coulson, Iain M. Crowley, Joseph Degenaar, Nathalie Dornbusch, Sven Duran, Carlos A. Everett, Wendeline B. Faber, Aaron Forster, Karl Fuchs, Miriam M. Gale, David M. Geertsema, Gertie Gonzalez, Edouard Graham, Dave Gueth, Frederic Halverson, Nils W. Han, Chih-Chiang Han, Kuo-Chang Hasegawa, Yutaka Hernandez-Rebollar, Jose Luis Herrera, Cristian Herrero-Illana, Ruben Heyminck, Stefan Hirota, Akihiko Hoge, James Schimpf, Shelbi R. Hostler Howie, Ryan E. Huang, Yau-De Jiang, Homin Jinchi, Hao John, David Kimura, Kimihiro Klein, Thomas Kubo, Derek Kuroda, John Kwon, Caleb Lacasse, Richard Laing, Robert Leitch, Erik M. Li, Chao-Te Liu, Ching-Tang Liu, Kuan-Yu Lin, Lupin C-C Lu, Li-Ming Mac-Auliffe, Felipe Martin-Cocher, Pierre Matulonis, Callie Maute, John K. Messias, Hugo Meyer-Zhao, Zheng Montana, Alfredo Montenegro-Montes, Francisco Montgomerie, William Nolasco, Marcos Emir Moreno Muders, Dirk Nishioka, Hiroaki Norton, Timothy J. Nystrom, George Ogawa, Hideo Olivares, Rodrigo Oshiro, Peter Perez-Beaupuits, Juan Pablo Parra, Rodrigo Phillips, Neil M. Poirier, Michael Pradel, Nicolas Qiu, Richard Raffin, Philippe A. Rahlin, Alexandra S. Ramirez, Jorge Ressler, Sean Reynolds, Mark Rodriguez-Montoya, Ivan Saez-Madain, Alejandro F. Santana, Jorge Shaw, Paul Shirkey, Leslie E., Jr. Silva, Kevin M. Snow, William Sousa, Don Sridharan, T. K. Stahm, William Stark, Anthony A. Test, John Torstensson, Karl Venegas, Paulina Walther, Craig Wei, Ta-Shun White, Chris Wieching, Gundolf Wijnands, Rudy Wouterloot, Jan G. A. Yu, Chen-Yu Yu, Wei Zeballos, Milagros 

作者机构：MIT Haystack Observ 99 Millstone Rd Westford MA 01886 USA Natl Astron Observ Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo 1818588 Japan Harvard Univ Black Hole Initiat 20 Garden St Cambridge MA 02138 USA CSIC Inst Astrofis Andalucia Glorieta Astron S-N E-18008 Granada Spain Max Planck Inst Radioastron Hugel 69 D-53121 Bonn Germany Univ Malaya Fac Sci Dept Phys Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia Ctr Astrophys Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden St Cambridge MA 02138 USA Univ Texas San Antonio Dept Phys & Astron One UTSA Circle San Antonio TX 78249 USA Acad Sinica Inst Astron & Astrophys 11F Astron Math BldgAS NTU 1Sec 4Roosevelt Rd Taipei 10617 Taiwan Univ Valencia Dept Astron & Astrofis C Dr Moliner 50 E-46100 Valencia Spain Univ Valencia Observ Astron C Catedrat Jose Beltran 2 E-46980 Valencia Spain Univ Arizona Steward Observ 933 N Cherry Ave Tucson AZ 85721 USA Univ Arizona Dept Astron 933 N Cherry Ave Tucson AZ 85721 USA Yale Univ Yale Ctr Astron & Astrophys 52 Hillhouse Ave New Haven CT 06511 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Dept Phys & Astron Seoul 08826 South Korea Univ New Mexico Dept Phys & Astron Albuquerque NM 87131 USA Univ Cent Lancashire Jeremiah Horrocks Inst Preston PR1 2HE Lancs England Brandeis Univ Phys Dept 415 South St Waltham MA 02453 USA Univ Turku Dept Phys & Astron Tuorla Observ Turku Finland Radboud Univ Nijmegen Nijmegen Netherlands Princeton Univ Princeton Grav Initiat Princeton NJ 08544 USA Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol Sch Phys Wuhan 430074 Hubei Peoples R China Univ Coll London Mullard Space Sci Lab Dorking RH5 6NT Surrey England Univ Chinese Acad Sci Sch Astron & Space Sci 19A Yuquan Rd Beijing 100049 Peoples R China Univ Sci & Technol China Astron Dept Hefei 230026 Peoples R China Bard Coll 30 Campus Rd Annandale On Hudson NY 12504 USA European Southern Observ Alonso de Cordova 3107Casilla 19001 Santiago Chile Univ Vermont Burlington VT 05405 USA NRAO Technol Ctr Natl Radio Astron Observ 1180 Boxwood Estate Rd Charlottesville VA 22903 USA Gemini Observ 670 N Aohoku Pl Hilo HI 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Germany Natl Cheng Kung Univ Dept Phys Tainan 701401 Taiwan Univ Space Res Assoc SOFIA Sci Ctr NASA Ames Res Ctr Moffett Field CA 94035 USA Coorporac Mexicana Invest Mat SA CV Ciencia & Tec Colonia Saltillo 400 Saltillo 25290 Coahuila Mexico Pontificia Univ Catolica Chile Ctr Astroingn AIUC Av Vicuna Mackena 4860 Santiago Chile Harvard Univ John A Paulson Sch Engn & Appl Sci 29 Oxford St Cambridge MA 02138 USA Kavli Inst Theoret Phys 2411 Kohn Hall Santa Barbara CA 93111 USA Univ Michigan Dept Astron 1085 South Univ Ave Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA Univ Americas Puebla Sta Catarina Martir S-N Cholula 72810 Mexico 

出 版 物：《ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL LETTERS》 (天体物理学杂志通讯)

年 卷 期：2022年第930卷第2期

页      面：L12-L12页

核心收录：

学科分类：07[理学] 0704[理学-天文学] 

基　　金：Academia Sinica Academy of Finland [274477, 284495, 312496, 315721] Agencia Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo (ANID), Chile [NCN19_058] Fondecyt Alexander von Humboldt Stiftung Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship European ALMA Regional Centre node in the Netherlands NL astronomy research network NOVA ALMA North America Development Fund Black Hole Initiative - John Templeton Foundation Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation China Scholarship Council China Postdoctoral Science Foundation fellowship [2020M671266] Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (CONACYT, Mexico) [U0004246083, U0004-259839, F0003-272050, M0037-279006, F0003-281692, 104497, 275201, 263356] Consejeria de Economia, Conocimiento, Empresas y Universidad of the Junta de Andalucia [P18-FR-1769] Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas [2019AEP112] Delaney Family via the Delaney Family John A. Wheeler Chair at Perimeter Institute Direccion General de Asuntos del Personal Academico-Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (DGAPA-UNAM) [IN112417, IN112820] Dutch Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) [639.043.513, OCENW.KLEIN.113] Dutch National Supercomputers, Cartesius and Snellius (NWO) [2021.013] EACOA Fellowship - East Asia Core Observatories Association European Research Council (ERC) European Union [730562, 101018682] Generalitat Valenciana [APOSTD/2018/177] GenT Program [CIDEGENT/2018/021] MICINN [PID2019-108995GB-C22] European Research Council Institute for Advanced Study Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) sezione di Napoli, iniziative specifiche TEONGRAV International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Cologne DFG [FR 4069/2-1] Simons Foundation Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) [JPMXP1020200109] Japanese Government (Monbukagakusho: MEXT) Scholarship Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) [JP17J08829] Joint Institute for Computational Fundamental Science, Japan Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) [QYZDJ-SSW-SLH057, QYZDJSSW-SYS008, ZDBS-LY-SLH011] Leverhulme Trust Early Career Research Fellowship Max-PlanckGesellschaft (MPG) Max Planck Partner Group of the MPG CAS MEXT/JSPS KAKENHI [18KK0090, JP21H01137, JP18H03721, JP18K13594, 18K03709, JP19K14761, 18H01245, 25120007] Malaysian Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) [FRGS/1/2019/STG02/UM/02/6] MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI) Funds Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [103-2119-M-001-010MY2, 105-2112-M-001-025-MY3, 105-2119-M-001-042, 1062112-M-001-011, 106-2119-M-001-013, 106-2119-M-001027, 106-2923-M-001-005, 107-2119-M-001-017, 107-2119M-001-020, 107-2119-M-001-041] The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of Taiwan [107-2119-M-110-005, 1072923-M-001-009, 108-2112-M-001-048, 108-2112-M-001051, 108-2923-M-001-002, 109-2112-M-001-025, 109-2124M-001-005, 109-2923-M-001-001, 110-2112-M-003-007MY2, 110-2112-M-001-033, 110-2124-M-001-007, 1102923-M-001-001] Ministry of Education (MoE) of Taiwan Yushan Young Scholar Program Physics Division, National Center for Theoretical Sciences of Taiwan National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) [80NSSC20K1567, 80NSSC20K0527, 80NSSC20K0645] NASA Hubble Fellowship - Space Telescope Science Institute [HST-HF2-51431.001-A, NAS5-26555] National Institute of Natural Sciences (NINS) of Japan National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFA0400704, 2017YFA0402703, 2016YFA0400702, 2017YFA0402700] NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellowship [AST1903847] Natural Science Foundation of China [11650110427, 10625314, 11721303, 11725312, 11873028, 11933007, 11991052, 11991053, 12192220, 12192223] Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) National Youth Thousand Talents Program of China National Research Foundation of Korea (Global PhD Fellowship Grant) [NRF-2015H1A2A1033752] National Research Foundation of Korea (Korea Research Fellowship Program) [NRF-2015H1D3A1066561] National Research Foundation of Korea (Brain Pool Program) [2019H1D3A1A01102564] National Research Foundation of Korea (Basic Research Support Grant) [2019R1F1A1059721, 2021R1A6A3A01086420, 2022R1C1C1005255] Netherlands Research School for Astronomy (NOVA) Virtual Institute of Accretion (VIA) postdoctoral fellowships Swedish Research Council [2017-00648] Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (Government of Canada through the Department of Innovation, Science and Economic Development) Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (Province of Ontario through the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Science) Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion [PGC2018-098915-B-C21, AYA2016-80889-P, PID2019108995GB-C21, PID2020-117404GB-C21] University of Pretoria Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Branch [JCYJ-SHFY-2021-013] State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the "Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa" award [SEV-20170709] Spinoza Prize [SPI 78-409] South African Research Chairs Initiative, through the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory (SARAO) Toray Science Foundation Swedish Research Council (VR) US Department of Energy (USDOE) through the Los Alamos National Laboratory [89233218CNA000001] YCAA Prize Postdoctoral Fellowship Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy [DE-AC0500OR22725] Smithsonian Institution Science and Technologies Facility Council (UK) CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France) MPG (Max-PlanckGesellschaft, Germany) IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain) State of Arizona NSF National Science Foundation [OPP-1852617, OAC-1818253] Kavli Institute of Cosmological Physics at the University of Chicago NSF [ACI-1548562, DBI0735191, DBI-1265383, DBI-1743442] CyVerse National Science Foundation U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science Compute Ontario Calcul Quebec Compute Canada National Science Foundation (NSF) [AST-0096454, AST-0352953, AST0521233, AST-0705062, AST-0905844, AST-0922984, AST1126433, AST-1140030, DGE-1144085, AST-1207704, AST1207730, AST-1207752, MRI-1228509] The National Science Foundation (NSF) [OPP-1248097, AST1310896, AST-1440254, AST-1555365, AST-1614868, AST1615796, AST-1715061, AST-1716327, AST-1716536, OISE1743747, AST-1816420, AST-1935980, AST-2034306] Chandra [DD7-18089X, TM6-17006X] International Max Planck Research School for Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Bonn Allegro University of Amsterdam Leiden University Radboud University European Research Council (ERC) Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC) STFC [ST/V000268/1] Funding Source: UKRI Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [22H00157, 21H04488] Funding Source: KAKEN 

主　　题：Black holes Kerr black holes Rotating black holes Heterodyne interferometry Galactic center 

摘      要：We present the first Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations of Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the Galactic center source associated with a supermassive black hole. These observations were conducted in 2017 using a global interferometric array of eight telescopes operating at a wavelength of lambda = 1.3 mm. The EHT data resolve a compact emission region with intrahour variability. A variety of imaging and modeling analyses all support an image that is dominated by a bright, thick ring with a diameter of 51.8 +/- 2.3 mu as (68% credible interval). The ring has modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry and a comparatively dim interior. Using a large suite of numerical simulations, we demonstrate that the EHT images of Sgr A* are consistent with the expected appearance of a Kerr black hole with mass similar to 4 x 10(6) M (circle dot), which is inferred to exist at this location based on previous infrared observations of individual stellar orbits, as well as maser proper-motion studies. Our model comparisons disfavor scenarios where the black hole is viewed at high inclination (i 50 degrees), as well as nonspinning black holes and those with retrograde accretion disks. Our results provide direct evidence for the presence of a supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, and for the first time we connect the predictions from dynamical measurements of stellar orbits on scales of 10(3)-10(5) gravitational radii to event-horizon-scale images and variability. Furthermore, a comparison with the EHT results for the supermassive black hole M87* shows consistency with the predictions of general relativity spanning over three orders of magnitude in central mass.