Learning Classical Readout Quantum PUFs based on single-qubit gates

作     者：Pirnay, Niklas Pappa, Anna Seifert, Jean-Pierre 

作者机构：Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department Technische Universität Berlin Berlin10587 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems Berlin10587 Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology Darmstadt64295 Germany 

出 版 物：《arXiv》 (arXiv)

年 卷 期：2021年

核心收录：

主　　题：Hardware security 

摘      要：Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have been proposed as a way to identify and authenticate electronic devices. Recently, several ideas have been presented that aim to achieve the same for quantum devices. Some of these constructions apply single-qubit gates in order to provide a secure fingerprint of the quantum device. In this work, we formalize the class of Classical Readout Quantum PUFs (CR-QPUFs) using the statistical query (SQ) model and explicitly show insufficient security for CR-QPUFs based on single qubit rotation gates, when the adversary has SQ access to the CR-QPUF. We demonstrate how a malicious party can learn the CR-QPUF characteristics and forge the signature of a quantum device through a modelling attack using a simple regression of low-degree polynomials. The proposed modelling attack was successfully implemented in a real-world scenario on real IBM Q quantum machines. We thoroughly discuss the prospects and problems of CR-QPUFs where quantum device imperfections are used as a secure fingerprint. © 2021, CC BY.