Advanced 3D ordered electrodes for PEMFC applications: From structural features and fabrication methods to the controllable design of catalyst layers

作     者：Kaili Wang Tingting Zhou Zhen Cao Zhimin Yuan Hongyan He Maohong Fan Zaiyong Jiang Kaili Wang;Tingting Zhou;Zhen Cao;Zhimin Yuan;Hongyan He;Maohong Fan;Zaiyong Jiang

作者机构：School of Chemistry&Chemical Engineering and Environmental EngineeringWeifang UniversityWeifang261061China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean ProcessState Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex SystemsCAS Key Laboratory of Green Process and EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100190China College Engineering and Physical Sciencesand School of Energy ResourcesUniversity of WyomingLaramieWY 82071USA 

出 版 物：《Green Energy & Environment》 (绿色能源与环境（英文版）)

年 卷 期：2024年第9卷第9期

页      面：1336-1365页

核心收录：

学科分类：0808[工学-电气工程] 081705[工学-工业催化] 08[工学] 0817[工学-化学工程与技术] 080502[工学-材料学] 0805[工学-材料科学与工程（可授工学、理学学位）] 

基　　金：funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province, China (ZR2023MB049) the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2020M670483) the Science Foundation of Weifang University (2023BS11) 

主　　题：PEMFC 3D ordered electrode Structural features Preparation technology Ultralow Pt loading 

摘      要：The catalyst layers(CLs) electrode is the key component of the membrane electrode assembly(MEA) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFCs). Conventional electrodes for PEMFCs are composed of carbon-supported, ionomer, and Pt nanoparticles, all immersed together and sprayed with a micron-level thickness of CLs. They have a performance trade-off where increasing the Pt loading leads to higher performance of abundant triple-phase boundary areas but increases the electrode cost. Major challenges must be overcome before realizing its wide commercialization. Literature research revealed that it is impossible to achieve performance and durability targets with only high-performance catalysts, so the controllable design of CLs architecture in MEAs for PEMFCs must now be the top priority to meet industry goals. From this perspective, a 3D ordered electrode circumvents this issue with a support-free architecture and ultrathin thickness while reducing noble metal Pt loadings. Herein, we discuss the motivation in-depth and summarize the necessary CLs structural features for designing ultralow Pt loading electrodes. Critical issues that remain in progress for 3D ordered CLs must be studied and characterized. Furthermore, approaches for 3D ordered CLs architecture electrode development, involving material design, structure optimization, preparation technology, and characterization techniques, are summarized and are expected to be next-generation CLs for PEMFCs. Finally, the review concludes with perspectives on possible research directions of CL architecture to address the significant challenges in the future.