First Sagittarius A∗ Event Horizon Telescope Results III: Imaging of the Galactic Center Supermassive Black Hole

作     者：Akiyama, Kazunori Alberdi, Antxon Alef, Walter Algaba, Juan Carlos Anantua, Richard Asada, Keiichi Azulay, Rebecca Bach, Uwe Baczko, Anne-Kathrin Ball, David Baloković, Mislav Barrett, John Bauböck, Michi Benson, Bradford A. Bintley, Dan Blackburn, Lindy Blundell, Raymond Bouman, Katherine L. Bower, Geoffrey C. Boyce, Hope Bremer, Michael Brinkerink, Christiaan D. Brissenden, Roger Britzen, Silke Broderick, Avery E. Broguiere, Dominique Bronzwaer, Thomas Bustamante, Sandra Byun, Do-Young Carlstrom, John E. Ceccobello, Chiara Chael, Andrew Chan, Chi-Kwan Chatterjee, Koushik Chatterjee, Shami Chen, Ming-Tang Chen, Yongjun Cheng, Xiaopeng Cho, Ilje Christian, Pierre Conroy, Nicholas S. Conway, John E. Cordes, James M. Crawford, Thomas M. Crew, Geoffrey B. Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro Cui, Yuzhu Davelaar, Jordy De Laurentis, Mariafelicia Deane, Roger Dempsey, Jessica Desvignes, Gregory Dexter, Jason Dhruv, Vedant Doeleman, Sheperd S. Dougal, Sean Dzib, Sergio A. Eatough, Ralph P. Emami, Razieh Falcke, Heino Farah, Joseph Fish, Vincent L. Fomalont, Ed Ford, H. Alyson Fraga-Encinas, Raquel Freeman, William T. Friberg, Per Fromm, Christian M. Fuentes, Antonio Galison, Peter Gammie, Charles F. García, Roberto Gentaz, Olivier Georgiev, Boris Goddi, Ciriaco Gold, Roman Gómez-Ruiz, Arturo I. Gómez, José L. Gu, Minfeng Gurwell, Mark Hada, Kazuhiro Haggard, Daryl Haworth, Kari Hecht, Michael H. Hesper, Ronald Heumann, Dirk Ho, Luis C. Ho, Paul Honma, Mareki Huang, Chih-Wei L. Huang, Lei Hughes, David H. Ikeda, Shiro Impellizzeri, C.M. Violette Inoue, Makoto Issaoun, Sara James, David J. Jannuzi, Buell T. Janssen, Michael Jeter, Britton Jiang, Wu Jiménez-Rosales, Alejandra Johnson, Michael D. Jorstad, Svetlana Joshi, Abhishek V. Jung, Taehyun Karami, Mansour Karuppusamy, Ramesh Kawashima, Tomohisa Keating, Garrett K. Kettenis, Mark Kim, Dong-Jin Kim, Jae-Young Kim, Jongsoo Kim, Junhan Kino, Motoki Koay, Jun Yi Kocherlakota, Prashant Kofuji, Yutaro Koch, Patrick M. Koyama, Shoko Kramer, Carsten Kramer, Michael Krichbaum, Thomas P. Kuo, Cheng-Yu La Bella, Noemi Lauer, Tod R. Lee, Daeyoung Lee, Sang-Sung Leung, Po Kin Levis, Aviad Li, Zhiyuan Lico, Rocco Lindahl, Greg 

作者机构：Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory 99 Millstone Road WestfordMA01886 United States National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Black Hole Initiative Harvard University 20 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía-CSIC Glorieta de la Astronomía s/n GranadaE-18008 Spain Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie Auf dem Hügel 69 BonnD-53121 Germany Department of Physics Faculty of Science Universiti Malaya Kuala Lumpur50603 Malaysia Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian 60 Garden Street CambridgeMA02138 United States Department of Physics & Astronomy The University of Texas at San Antonio One UTSA Circle San AntonioTX78249 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 11F of Astronomy-Mathematics Building AS/NTU No. 1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Rd Taipei10617 Taiwan Departament d’Astronomia i Astrofísica Universitat de València C. Dr. Moliner 50 Burjassot ValènciaE-46100 Spain Observatori Astronòmic Universitat de València C. Catedrático José Beltrán 2 Paterna ValènciaE-46980 Spain Steward Observatory Department of Astronomy University of Arizona 933 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Yale Center for Astronomy & Astrophysics Yale University 52 Hillhouse Avenue New HavenCT06511 United States Department of Physics University of Illinois 1110 West Green Street UrbanaIL61801 United States Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory MS209 P.O. Box 500 BataviaIL60510 United States Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue ChicagoIL60637 United States East Asian Observatory 660 N. A’ohoku Place HiloHI96720 United States  660 N. A’ohoku Place HiloHI96720 United States California Institute of Technology 1200 East California Boulevard PasadenaCA91125 United States Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics Academia Sinica 645 N. A’ohoku Place HiloHI96720 United States Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Hawaii at Manoa 2505 Correa Road HonoluluHI96822 United States Department of Physics McGill University 3600 rue University MontréalQCH3A 2T8 Canada McGill Space Institute McGill University 3550 rue University MontréalQCH3A 2A7 Canada  300 rue de la Piscine Saint Martin d’HèresF-38406 France  Radboud University P.O. Box 9010 Nijmegen6500 GL Netherlands Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics 31 Caroline Street North WaterlooONN2L 2Y5 Canada Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics University of Waterloo WaterlooONN2L 3G1 Canada Department of Astronomy University of Massachusetts AmherstMA01003 United States Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute Daedeok-daero 776 Yuseong-gu Daejeon34055 Korea Republic of University of Science and Technology Gajeong-ro 217 Yuseong-gu Daejeon34113 Korea Republic of Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue ChicagoIL60637 United States Department of Physics University of Chicago 5720 South Ellis Avenue ChicagoIL60637 United States Enrico Fermi Institute University of Chicago 5640 South Ellis Avenue ChicagoIL60637 United States Department of Space Earth and Environment Chalmers University of Technology Onsala Space Observatory OnsalaSE-43992 Sweden Princeton Center for Theoretical Science Jadwin Hall Princeton University PrincetonNJ08544 United States NASA Hubble Fellowship Program Einstein Fellow Data Science Institute University of Arizona 1230 N. Cherry Ave. TucsonAZ85721 United States Program in Applied Mathematics University of Arizona 617 N. Santa Rita TucsonAZ85721 United States Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science Cornell University IthacaNY14853 United States Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences 80 Nandan Road Shanghai200030 China Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing210008 China Physics Department Fairfield University 1073 North Benson Road FairfieldCT06824 United States Department of Astronomy University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1002 West Green Street UrbanaIL61801 United States Institut für Theoretische Physik Goethe-Universität Frankfurt Max-von-Laue-Straße 1 Frankfurt am MainD-60438 Germany Tsung-Dao Lee Institute Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shengrong Road 520 Shanghai201210 China Mizusawa VLBI Observatory National Astronomical Observatory of Japan 2-12 Hoshigaoka Mizusawa Iwate Oshu023-0861 Japan  2-21-1 Osawa Mitaka Tokyo181-8588 Japan Department of Astronomy Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory Columbia University 550 W 120th Street New YorkNY10027 United States Center for Computational Astrophysics Flatiron Institute 162 Fifth Avenue New YorkNY10010 United States Dipartimento di Fisica "E. Pancini" Universitá di Napoli "Federico II" Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo Edificio G Via Cinthia NapoliI-80126 Italy INFN Sez. di Napoli Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo Edificio G Via Cinthia NapoliI-80126 Italy Wits Centre for Astrophysics University of the Witwatersrand 1 Jan Smuts Avenue Braamfontein Johannesburg2050 South Africa 

出 版 物：《arXiv》 (arXiv)

年 卷 期：2023年

核心收录：

主　　题：Visibility 

摘      要：We present the first event-horizon-scale images and spatiotemporal analysis of Sgr A∗ taken with the Event Horizon Telescope in 2017 April at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Imaging of Sgr A∗ has been conducted through surveys over a wide range of imaging assumptions using the classical CLEAN algorithm, regularized maximum likelihood methods, and a Bayesian posterior sampling method. Different prescriptions have been used to account for scattering effects by the interstellar medium towards the Galactic Center. Mitigation of the rapid intra-day variability that characterizes Sgr A∗ has been carried out through the addition of a variability noise budget in the observed visibilities, facilitating the reconstruction of static full-track images. Our static reconstructions of Sgr A∗ can be clustered into four representative morphologies that correspond to ring images with three different azimuthal brightness distributions, and a small cluster that contains diverse non-ring morphologies. Based on our extensive analysis of the effects of sparse (u, v)-coverage, source variability and interstellar scattering, as well as studies of simulated visibility data, we conclude that the Event Horizon Telescope Sgr A∗ data show compelling evidence for an image that is dominated by a bright ring of emission with a ring diameter of ∼50 µas, consistent with the expected shadow of a 4 × 106M black hole in the Galactic Center located at a distance of 8 kpc. © 2023, CC BY.