On the Accuracy of Ble Indoor Localization Systems: An Assessment Survey

作     者：Morgan, Ahmed A. 

作者机构：Department of Computer and Network Engineering College of Computing Umm Al-Qura University Makkah21955 Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Engineering Faculty of Engineering Cairo University Giza12613 Egypt 

出 版 物：《SSRN》 

年 卷 期：2024年

核心收录：

主　　题：Machine learning 

摘      要：Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is one of the most widely used technologies to carry out the essential task of indoor localization. Hundreds of studies are presented to use, analyze, and improve the performance of BLE-based localization systems. These studies include a multitude of localization techniques, application domains, and evaluation metrics. This paper presents a state-of-the-art survey of these studies, taking the accuracy metric into main consideration. Using a majority analysis of reported values in these studies, the presented survey has four key contributions. First, it quantifies the level of accuracy reached by previous localization techniques. Throughout the presented survey, it becomes evident that sub meter accuracy is currently achievable using advanced localization techniques, whereas sub decimeter counterpart is still an open area that requires further research efforts. Second, different domains of BLE-based localization applications are classified into three groups of high, moderate, and low accuracy. Localization techniques are similarly summarized and categorized into the same three groups, such that future researchers could easily find the suitable technique for each domain of applications. Third, categories of techniques that are capable of realizing sub meter accuracy are enumerated. These are the ones that primarily use Machine Learning (ML), filtration, fusion, or the Angle of Arrival (AoA) feature of BLE v5.1 and above. Individual techniques within these categories are further investigated and assessed. Fourth, evaluation metrics, which are targeted by these highly accurate categories of techniques, are reviewed. This review reflects that some important metrics, such as security, still require much attention from the BLE localization community. © 2024, The Authors. All rights reserved.