Environmental and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and toxic elements in the red sea using Monte Carlo simulation

作     者：Sayed, F. Alshaima Eid, Mohamed Hamdy El-Sherbeeny, Ahmed M. Abdel-Gawad, Gouda Ismail Mohamed, Essam A. Abukhadra, Mostafa R. 

作者机构：Beni Suef Univ Fac Earth Sci Bani Suwayf 62511 Egypt Shenzhen Univ Shenzhen Key Lab Green Efficient & Intelligent Con Shenzhen Peoples R China Univ Miskolc Inst Environm Management Fac Earth Sci H-3515 Miskolc Hungary Beni Suef Univ Fac Sci Geol Dept Bani Suwayf Egypt King Saud Univ Coll Engn Ind Engn Dept POB 800 Riyadh 11421 Saudi Arabia 

出 版 物：《SCIENTIFIC REPORTS》 (Sci. Rep.)

年 卷 期：2025年第15卷第1期

页      面：1-20页

核心收录：

基　　金：University of Miskolc United States Agency for International Development (USAID) [RSP2025R133] King Saud University King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia 

主　　题：PTE pollution indices Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk Monte Carlo simulation Python code PAHs Red Sea 

摘      要：This research evaluates the environmental and health risks linked to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) and PAHs along the western coast of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt. This study investigated the concentration of 16 PAH compounds in the Suez Gulf, revealing significantly higher levels than the EU (0.20 mu g/L) and US (0.030 mu g/L) standards. The average total PAH concentration across eight locations was significantly higher, with the Suez area having the highest concentration at 479 mu g/L. Pyrene (Pyr) was the dominant PAH with a concentration of 443 mu g/L in Suez, while acenaphthylene (Ace) had the lowest concentration at 0.120 mu g/L in Northern Zaafarana. Carcinogenic PAHs (CAR) ranged from 8.67 mu g/L at Ras Gharib to 29.62 mu g/L at Suez, highlighting the urgent need for regulatory measures. Confirmatory ratios pointed to industrial and shipping influences as petrogenic sources. Elevated total organic carbon (TOC) levels in Suez Bay indicated aggravated organic pollution, exacerbated by oil rigs and refineries. The ecological risk assessment highlighted substantial risks, particularly in Suez, necessitating immediate interventions to combat PAH contamination and preserve the environmental balance of the Red Sea. The dominant metals in water samples were arranged in descending order as follows: Pb Fe Cr Cu Zn Mn Cd Ni. The study evaluated environmental and human health risks using a multifaceted approach, including cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and various indices (HPI, RI, MI, HQ, HI, and CR). Most water samples exhibited high pollution risks, surpassing permissible limits for HPI ( 100) and MI ( 6). Notably, HI oral values indicated significant non-carcinogenic risks for adults and children. While HI values for adults suggested low-risk dermal contact, those for children showed a substantial proportion in the high-risk category. Most water samples displayed CR values exceeding 1 x 10(-4) for Cd, Cr, and Pb, indicating vulnerabi