Infection of ruminants and humans with Fasciola gigantica is attracting increasing attention due to its economic impact and public health ***,little is known of innate immune responses during *** *** this study,we inv...
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Infection of ruminants and humans with Fasciola gigantica is attracting increasing attention due to its economic impact and public health ***,little is known of innate immune responses during *** *** this study,we investigated the expression profile of genes involved in Toll-like receptors(TLRs) and NOD-like receptors(NLRs) signaling pathways in water buffaloes infected by *** were infected with 500 viable *** ***,liver and peripheral blood lymphocytes(PBL) samples were collected from animals at 3,10,28,and 70 days post infection(dpi).Then,the levels of expression of 43 genes related to TLRs and NLRs signaling were determined using quantitative *** of 12 cytokines were evaluated by *** 3 dpi,immunosuppression was evident by the reduced levels of all 12 tested cytokines,which correlated with modest activation of TLR4 and TLR8 and the adaptor protein(TICAM1).At 10 dpi,NFκB and Interferon Regulatory Factor signaling pathways were upregulated along with activation of TLR1,2,6 and 10 in the liver,and inflammatory response with activated TLR4 and 9 in *** 28 dpi,there was increase in the levels of cytokines along with induction of NLRP1 and NLRP3 inflammasomes-dependent immune responses in the liver and *** 70 dpi,*** activated TLRs and NLRs,and their downstream interacting molecules,and induced a mixed Th1/Th2 cytokine *** findings indicate that *** alters the expression of TLRs and NLRs genes to evade host immune defences.
Toxoplasma gondii is an important pathogen for which a vaccine would address a significant unmet public health and medical ***,we tested the efficacy of vaccination using Ca2+-dependent protein kinase 2(cdpk2)-deficie...
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Toxoplasma gondii is an important pathogen for which a vaccine would address a significant unmet public health and medical ***,we tested the efficacy of vaccination using Ca2+-dependent protein kinase 2(cdpk2)-deficient *** Pru strain,in Kunming ***:Δcdpk2-vaccinated mice developed a strong humoral response,as indicated by a high level of serum Ig G *** production of IFN-γ,IL-2,IL-12,and IL-10 by splenic T cells,and elevated levels of serum Ig G1 and Ig G2 a,suggested an initial induction of Th1 response at 4 weeks post vaccination and a mixed Th1/Th2 response at 10 weeks post *** mice vaccinated with 500 Pru:Δcdpk2 tachyzoites survived a heterologous challenge with 1000 tachyzoites of wild-type(WT) RH strain or WT-Toxo DB#9(PYS or Tg C7) *** also protected against homologous infection with 20 Pru cysts,as indicated by the significant reduction in brain cyst load(78 ± 48 cysts/brain) compared to non-vaccinated infected mice(4296 ± 687 cysts/brain).A balanced Th1/Th2-type cytokine response,elicited by vaccination,significantly reduced the vertical transmission,increased the litter size and maintained pups' body weight;whether infected with 200 WT-RH tachyzoites or 10 Pru ***(35-day-old) born to Pru:Δcdpk2-vaccinated dams that were infected at day 12 of gestation with 10 Pru cysts,had significantly less brain cyst load(60 ± 30 cysts/brain) compared with pups born to non-vaccinated dams(919 ± 339 cysts/brain).Vaccinated pregnant dams remained healthy after infection and their brain cyst load,one month after delivery,was significantly reduced(77 ± 58 cysts/brain) compared with non-vaccinated Pru-infected dams(3287 ± 569 cysts/brain).Overall,our results suggest that a single intraperitoneal vaccination of Kunming mice with 500 cdpk2-deficient type II *** Pru strain induced a balanced,broad and protective immunity against *** strains with different virulences.
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