Recent research has used context cues(odor or auditory cues)to target memories during sleep and has demonstrated that they can enhance declarative and procedural ***,the effects of exter-nal cues re-presented during s...
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Recent research has used context cues(odor or auditory cues)to target memories during sleep and has demonstrated that they can enhance declarative and procedural ***,the effects of exter-nal cues re-presented during sleep on emotional memory are still not fully *** the present study,we conducted a Pavlovian fear conditioning/extinction paradigm and examined the effects of re-exposure to extinction memory associated contextual tones during slow-wave sleep(SWS)and wake-fulness on fear *** participants underwent fear conditioning on the first day,during which colored squares served as the conditioned stimulus(CS)and a mild shock served as the unconditioned stimulus(US).The next day,they underwent extinction,during which the CSs were presented without the US but accompanied by a contextual tone(pink noise).Immediately after extinction,the participants were required to take a nap or remain awake and randomly assigned to six *** of the groups were separately exposed to the associated tone(***-Tone group and Wake-Tone group)or an irrel-evant tone(control ***)(***-CtrT group and Wake-CtrT group),while the other two groups were not(***-No Tone group and Wake-No Tone group).Subsequently,the conditioned responses to the CSs were tested to evaluate the fear *** of the participants included in the final analysis showed successful levels of fear conditioning and *** the recall test,the fear responses were significantly higher in the SWS-Tone group than that in the SWS-No Tone group or the SWS-CttT group,while the Wake-Tone group exhibited more attenuated fear responses than either the Wake-No Tone group or Wake-CtrT ***,re-exposure to auditory tones during SWS did not affect sleep *** results suggest that distinct conditions during which re-exposure to an extinction memory associated contextual cue contributes to differential effects on fear expression.
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