Alcohol dependence is a complex psychiatric disorder demanding development of novel *** the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling cascade has been implicated in mediating the behavioral response to alcohol, it would be of inter...
Alcohol dependence is a complex psychiatric disorder demanding development of novel *** the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling cascade has been implicated in mediating the behavioral response to alcohol, it would be of interest to determine whether phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4), an enzyme that selectively hydrolyzes intracellular cAMP, is involved in the regulation of alcohol ***, the selective PDE4 inhibitor rolipram was used to measure its anti-drinking properties in alcohol-preferring Fawn-Hooded (FH/Wjd) *** showed that acute administration of rolipram (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg) selectively and dose-dependently reduced 5% ethanol, but not 10% sucrose, operant self-administration; it also decreased voluntary 5% ethanol intake, but not water consumption, for the initial 30 min in rats showing high stable preference for ethanol.
Previous study demonstrated that somatostatin (SRIF) sst5 receptors are expressed in rat retinal amacrine cells (ACs).Here, we investigated the modulation of SRIF on GABA release in cultured *** significantly reduced ...
Previous study demonstrated that somatostatin (SRIF) sst5 receptors are expressed in rat retinal amacrine cells (ACs).Here, we investigated the modulation of SRIF on GABA release in cultured *** significantly reduced the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs), which was reversed by BIM 23056, a selective sst5 ***-application of nimodipine and ω-conotoxin GVIA suppressed the frequency of sIPSCs, and SRIF failed to further inhibit *** increased, while a PKA inhibitor Rp-cAMP reduced the frequency of *** the presence of Rp-cAMP SRIF had no effect on the sIPSCs.8-Br-cGMP significantly decreased the frequency of sIPSCs, and SRIF shows further inhibition ***, PKG inhibitor KT5823 had no remarkable effect on the frequency of sIPSCs, whereas SRIF inhibits it in the presence of *** results suggest that SRIF inhibits Ca2+ influx via the presynaptic Ca2+ channels by activating the sst5 receptors, which results in a decrease of GABA release from the ACs through inhibiting the intracellular cAMP-PKA and activating the cGMP-PKG signaling pathways.
Men lie for various reasons, hiding their true thoughts which cognitive neuroscientists are eager to read out using neuroimaging techniques yet have to date not reached a clear-cut *** most studies have compared the b...
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Men lie for various reasons, hiding their true thoughts which cognitive neuroscientists are eager to read out using neuroimaging techniques yet have to date not reached a clear-cut *** most studies have compared the brain response patterns between honest and deceptive answers, here we directly examined whether the faithful answers for polar questions can be decoded from BOLD *** found a unique region in the left middle frontal gyrus that successfully discriminated between positive and negative faithful responses independent of intentional suppression and stimuli *** propose the activity of this "honest" region may serve as an indicator of one's faithful answers.
Objective Microglia are the main immune cells in *** monitor the microenvironment in healthy brain and respond rapidly to changes under pathological *** are activated and accumulate around lesion sites in various neur...
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Objective Microglia are the main immune cells in *** monitor the microenvironment in healthy brain and respond rapidly to changes under pathological *** are activated and accumulate around lesion sites in various neurodegenerative *** it is widely accepted that microglia are embryonically derived from mesoderm, the source of microglia under pathological conditions in adult animals remains *** we combined a parabiosis animal model with a photothrombosis stroke model and investigated the origin of microglia under ischemic *** C57BL/6 mice and transgenic mice expressing GFP in microglial precursors were used to set up a parabiotic and blood chimeric *** the blood chimerism of the parabiotic animals was established, we induced ischemic stroke by injecting rose bengal intravenously and exposing the cortex to green *** brains from coupled-mice were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde after photothrombosis and sectioned into 30 μm slices on a vibrating *** slices were examined under an epifluorescence microscope or a confocal *** We have successfully induced photothrombosis in parabiotic *** observed GFP-positive microglia in ischemic area of the brain in wild type C57BL/6 *** Microglia can be recruited into the brain from blood-derived progenitors after ischemic stroke.
Objective Studies on the framing effect indicate that people tend to make risk-avoidant decisions when the choice is framed (***) as a choice between gains, but make risk-seeking decisions when it is framed as a choic...
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Objective Studies on the framing effect indicate that people tend to make risk-avoidant decisions when the choice is framed (***) as a choice between gains, but make risk-seeking decisions when it is framed as a choice between *** far, the role of anxiety and/or depression in decision-making under framing situations is *** examined the impact of anxiety and depression on the framing effect with a classical monetary gambling *** Participants were instructed that they would have to select either a "sure" or "gamble" *** gain frame trials, the sure option was presented as money retained; in loss frame trials, it was presented as money *** participants' decision-making was coded as the proportion of sure option choices for each *** Anxiety, but not depression, had significant effects on framing-related *** levels of anxiety were correlated with stronger flaming effects; most interestingly, high-anxious subjects were more risk-seeking in the loss frame compared to low-anxious subjects, which conflicts with previous findings that high-anxious people are consistently more *** The current findings provide evidences that, in contrast with bipolar/ tripolar theoretical models which suggest that all same-valence emotions produce similar cognitive effects, anxiety and depression induce distinct impacts on decision-making.
Objective This study represents the most complete morphological classification of mouse retinal displaced ganglion cells (DGCs) in the inner nuclear layer available to date and provides a foundation for further unders...
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Objective This study represents the most complete morphological classification of mouse retinal displaced ganglion cells (DGCs) in the inner nuclear layer available to date and provides a foundation for further understanding of the correlation of physiology and morphology and ganglion cell function with genetically manipulated *** (1) Flurogold was injected in two adjacent sites or one left site at the SC and the soma of DGCs in the mouse retina was stained by retrograding with Flurogold.(2) The morphology of DGCs was revealed by microinjection with Lucifer yellow.(3) The diameter of soma and dendritic field and distance from soma to the optic nerve were *** (1) The diameter of soma (or dendritic field) and distance from soma to the optic nerve were irrelevant.(2) The DGCs were classified into five groups based on their soma size, dendritic field size, and pattern and level of *** (1) It was proved that all morphological types of GCs in the GCL also existed in the INL.(2) For monostratified DGCs, there is similar distribution of four morphological types in contralateral projection group and significant preference of B and C types in ipsilateral projection group.
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