Background Earlier studies found that gray matter volume in the frontal,parietal and temporal lobes is significantly altered in idiopathic generalized epilepsy(IGE).Research has indicated that a relationship exists be...
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Background Earlier studies found that gray matter volume in the frontal,parietal and temporal lobes is significantly altered in idiopathic generalized epilepsy(IGE).Research has indicated that a relationship exists between the brain's subcortical structures and ***,little is known about possible changes in the subcortical structures in *** To determine the changes in the shape of subcortical structures in IGE using vertex *** Fourteen male patients with IGE and 28 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study,which used high-resolution magnetic resonance *** performed a vertex-based shape analysis, in which we compared patients with IGE with the controls,on the subcortical structures that we had obtained from the MRI *** Statistical analysis showed significant regional atrophy in the left thalamus,left putamen and bilateral globus pallidus in patients with *** These results indicate that regional atrophy of the basal ganglia and the thalamus may be related to seizure *** the future,these findings may prove useful for choosing new therapeutic regimens.
Objective Pattern completion,the ability to retrieve complete memories initiated by partial cues,is a critical feature of the *** study investigates the role of dopamine in memory *** We have analyzed dopamine transpo...
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Objective Pattern completion,the ability to retrieve complete memories initiated by partial cues,is a critical feature of the *** study investigates the role of dopamine in memory *** We have analyzed dopamine transporter heterozygous knockout mice(DAT+/2).Results(1) While these mice possess normal learning,consolidation,and memory recall under full cue conditions,they exhibit specific deficits in pattern completion under partial cue condition;(2) This form of memory recall deficit in the dopamine transporter heterozygous knockout mice can be reversed by a low dose of the dopamine antagonist haloperidol,further confirming that the inability to retrieve memory patterns is a result of dopamine *** Our results reveal that a delicate control of the brain's dopamine level is critical for pattern completion during associative memory recall.
Ga14/UAS system is widely used in study of Drosophila development,physiology and *** more copies of Gal4 or UAS are considered only to increase the expression level of the target gene in target *** we provide evidence...
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Ga14/UAS system is widely used in study of Drosophila development,physiology and *** more copies of Gal4 or UAS are considered only to increase the expression level of the target gene in target *** we provide evidence to show that the change in copy number of Gal4 could affect the expression pattern of Gal4,and thus the target *** copies of two enhancer-trap originated Gal4 could either stain more or less cells than one copy of *** result cautions for a more careful examination of Gal4 expression pattern change in studies aiming at localization of underlying cells for certain phenotypes using Gal4/UAS system.
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system(CNS).In response to injury or inflammatory stimuli,the resting microglia can be rapidly activated to participate in pathological responses,including mi...
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Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system(CNS).In response to injury or inflammatory stimuli,the resting microglia can be rapidly activated to participate in pathological responses,including migration to the affected site,release of various inflammatory molecules,and clearing of cellular *** released from damaged neural cells has been considered to be a major chemokine for inducing rapid process extension and migration of microglial ***,ATP leaking from the local injured cells may not be able to diffuse extensively to effectively induce migration of remote microglia,because extracellular nucleotides are rapidly degraded by ecto-ATPases in the *** found that ATP-indueed ATP release from microglial lysosomes contributed to the directional migration of remote *** addition,we found that ATP could function as a "drink" signal in microglia by triggering ***,we found that this purine-induced macropinocytosis is very efficient in clearing up extracellular soluble amyloid beta(Aβ),an early and key intermediate in the pathogenesis Alzheimer's disease.
During the development of vertebrate neuromuscular junction,the formation and maintenance of acetylcholine receptor(AChR) clusters are regulated by both positive and negative *** stabilizes,whereas acetylcholine(ACh) ...
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During the development of vertebrate neuromuscular junction,the formation and maintenance of acetylcholine receptor(AChR) clusters are regulated by both positive and negative *** stabilizes,whereas acetylcholine(ACh) destabilizes AChR *** mechanisms underlying this counteractive interaction are not completely *** we show that caspase-3,an effector caspase involved in apoptosis,negatively regulates AChR *** found that caspase-3 was activated by cholinergic stimulation of cultured muscle *** activation did not depend on calpain,a calcium-dependent protease which is involved in the dispersion of AChR *** treatment prevented the activation of ***,inhibition or down-regulation of caspase-3 attenuated ACh agonist-induced dispersion of AChR ***,the loss of AChR clusters in agrin mutant mice was partially rescued by the inhibition of caspase-3 or genetic ablation of *** together, these results suggest a novel role of caspase-3 in the refinement of synapse.
Major depressive disorder is the most common mental illness,affecting roughly 20%of the general population at some point during their *** approximately half of patients respond to existing antidepressant ***,the mecha...
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Major depressive disorder is the most common mental illness,affecting roughly 20%of the general population at some point during their *** approximately half of patients respond to existing antidepressant ***,the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of depression remain poorly *** is often comorbid with medical conditions such as ***,an adipocyte-derived hormone,is well known for its role in the control of energy homeostasis and body *** research has provided evidence for a novel action of leptin in the regulation of mood and *** leptin levels are reduced in chronic stress models of *** treatment reverses chronic stress-induced depression-like behavioral deficits and impairment of hippocampal *** addition,we have explored limbic leptin signaling in mood-related *** implications of leptin and leptin receptor signaling in human depression will be discussed.
Microglia,the primary immune effector cells in the brain,are critically involved in many pathological conditions including injury,stroke,and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's *** physiological condition, microglia s...
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Microglia,the primary immune effector cells in the brain,are critically involved in many pathological conditions including injury,stroke,and Alzheimer's and Parkinson's *** physiological condition, microglia spend most of time on a resting state with highly branched processes surveying surround brain area. However,little is known about what are sensed by resting microglia and what are their physiological *** in vivo two-photon morphology and calcium imaging in the optic tectum of zebrafish larvae,we found here that the bulbous contact between neuron and microglial process was positively correlated with spontaneous neuronal activity. Local increase of neuronal activity by two-photon based focal glutamate uncaging effectively induced orientedmotility of resting microglial processes and its bulbous contact with neurons in uncaged ***,microglial contact decreased spontaneous neuronal ***,resting microglia dynamically surveying high neuronal activity are important for neuronal activity regulation and homeostasis in vivo.
Volume regulated anion channels(VRACs)are involved in regulating the proliferation and cell cycle progression of a number of cell ***,little is know about its role on astrocytes proliferation although numerous VRACs w...
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Volume regulated anion channels(VRACs)are involved in regulating the proliferation and cell cycle progression of a number of cell ***,little is know about its role on astrocytes proliferation although numerous VRACs were reported to play important roles in astrocytic neurotransmitters release during *** the present study,we demonstrated that VRACs inhibition by DCPIB can attenuate the astrocytes proliferation and DNA synthesis in ***,Western blots showed that VRACs inhibition led to a decrease in cdk4,cyclinDl expression accompanied with an increase in p27 expression,which caused the proliferating astrocytes arrested at G1/ S ***,we showed that DCPIB induced astrocyte proliferation inhibition was modulated through the ERK signaling *** observations demonstrated that VRACs play essential roles in the proliferation of astrocyte.
The BK channel,a voltage-and Ca-gated large-conductance potassium channel with many important functions,is often localized at specific subcellular *** proper subcellular localization is likely a prerequisite for the c...
The BK channel,a voltage-and Ca-gated large-conductance potassium channel with many important functions,is often localized at specific subcellular *** proper subcellular localization is likely a prerequisite for the channel to perform its physiological functions,little is known about the molecular basis of ***,we show that CTN-1,a homologue of mammalian a-catulin,is required for subcellular localization of SLO-1,the Caenorhabditis elegans BK channel a-subunit,in body-wall muscle cells and ***-1 was identified in a genetic screen for mutants that suppressed a lethargic phenotype caused by expressing a gain-of-function (gf)isoform of ***-1 coclusters with SLO-1 at dense body regions of body-wall muscle cells and presynaptic sites of *** ctn-1 loss-of-function(lf)mutants,SLO-1 was mislocalized but its transcription and protein level were *** neurotransmitter release was increased at the neuromuscular junction in ctn-1(lf)mutant as well as slo-l(lf)*** results suggest that CTN-1 plays an important role in BK channel function by mediating channel subcellular localization.
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