Infrastructure has an indispensable, positive role in development. Rapid urbanization in post-reform China has resulted in a very high demand for basic urban and environmental infrastructure. Under decentralization, m...
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Infrastructure has an indispensable, positive role in development. Rapid urbanization in post-reform China has resulted in a very high demand for basic urban and environmental infrastructure. Under decentralization, mechanisms for infrastructure financing are broadening beyond traditional fiscal allocation. The common sources include borrowing through urban development investment corporations, often backed by future land lease revenues, and local government's own taxes and fee revenues(Wong 2013). These sources, however, are reaching their limits. Often, local governments cope with funding shortfalls through a variety of off-budget mechanisms, particularly through the collection of land lease/transfer fees. But sold land use rights represent foregone sources of income.
Teaching and researching traditional Chinese literature overseas in a non-native context presents certain challenges and *** is constantly situated in a mode of'comparison':How do we understand Chinese literat...
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Teaching and researching traditional Chinese literature overseas in a non-native context presents certain challenges and *** is constantly situated in a mode of'comparison':How do we understand Chinese literature in the context of world history and global culture?How does a piece of Chinese literary work compare to other world masterpieces?How useful is it to seek a Western counterpart in analysing a Chinese writer?This paper considers the above issues and proposes a new attempt in understanding traditional Chinese literature across cultures through'reciprocal gaze'between two sets of scholars on each other's field of study,research methodology,and literary *** approach will be illustrated with the example of a recently organised conference at SOAS,University of London,on the theatre worlds of China and England in the year 1616.
The trend in scholarship on women in medieval Europe in recent years has been toward particularism,an emphasis on how local conditions in different regions and at different times caused the position of women in the so...
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The trend in scholarship on women in medieval Europe in recent years has been toward particularism,an emphasis on how local conditions in different regions and at different times caused the position of women in the social,cultural,and economic realms to be quite *** trend brings with it a rejection of *** paper argues that despite quite different legal systems across different parts of Europe,broad similarities in underlying cultural assumptions meant that in practice women ended up in something approaching the same place,although they got there along different legal *** particular,the different types of guardianship or male control over unmarried and married women varied,but women were able to circumvent them in various ways,so that women’s participation in economic transactions and control of resources was actually consistently great across Europe.
This paper discusses the multi-layered and multi-sectorial relations between China and Southeast Asia from political-security,economic and cultural *** examining the case of the Greater Mekong Sub-regional cooperation...
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This paper discusses the multi-layered and multi-sectorial relations between China and Southeast Asia from political-security,economic and cultural *** examining the case of the Greater Mekong Sub-regional cooperation,it posits that sub-regional cooperation plays critical and complementary role to cement China-Southeast Asian *** cooperation and integration and other functional cooperation are the foundation of sub-regional *** is the key regional actor in connecting regional economies and transforming the sub-region into effective economic *** sub-region serves China's economic,security and strategic *** a stable and prosperous GMS helps China to realize its own dream of becoming a harmonious and prosperous country as well as the realization of a regional community with a shared *** success of China is the success of the whole region.
Following the Soviet collapse and the independence of the states of Central Asia,academic and policy debates waged on the anticipated foreign policy orientations of the new states–to the West,to Asia,toward Europe or...
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Following the Soviet collapse and the independence of the states of Central Asia,academic and policy debates waged on the anticipated foreign policy orientations of the new states–to the West,to Asia,toward Europe or inward *** analysis in these debates focused on identity and historical factors such as culture,civilization,and *** contrast,in this paper,I will present the geographic factors that influence the strategic orientation of the states of Central *** these factors:their landlocked location,serving as transit states,energy production and export from the region,structure of their economies and water *** this study,I will examine the major foreign policy choices of Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan in the post-independence period(1992-2012).I will present the major alliances choices,military acquisition patterns,connections in new major transport infrastructure and trade patterns that reflect their foreign policy orientations.
It has been well known that throughout the human history the foundational myths or legends of tribes or kingdoms were created and circulated in order to establish and maintain the legitimacy of the power and authority...
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It has been well known that throughout the human history the foundational myths or legends of tribes or kingdoms were created and circulated in order to establish and maintain the legitimacy of the power and authority of the emergent ruling *** foundations myths of East Asia were not an exception;China,Korea,Japan and Vietnam all have many myths and legends related to the dominant clans and royal families of kingdoms that held power at one or more points of their *** cross-regional phenomenon found in the last names of many of East Asia,however,hardly have been studied on comparative terms,with the region as a whole being the focus of *** a view to finding the historical interconnections among the patterns of the formation of the surnames of China,Korea,Japan and Vietnam,this paper analyzes the characteristics of each nation’s surnames both genealogically and cross-regionally.
Since WWII, the United States has created the most formidable innovation engine the world has ever seen and although difficult to quantify, its benefits for the commercial economy have been enormous. America's ris...
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Since WWII, the United States has created the most formidable innovation engine the world has ever seen and although difficult to quantify, its benefits for the commercial economy have been enormous. America's rise as high-tech hegemon is not a free market story, nor is it an industrial policy tale. Rather, it is the product of a national security state that has pursued technological supremacy as a strategic imperative essential to sustaining US power. This NSS creation, however, is now threatened by financialization of the U.S. economy, manifested in the growing disconnect between innovation and production and dwindling private investment in productive assets. To this extent, the main threat to US pre-eminence would appear to come not from new rising powers, but from within.
This article analyzes the law dissemination campaign(pufa huodong, 普法活动) which China has implemented for almost three decades, in order to understand the development of the rule of law policy in China. It first ex...
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This article analyzes the law dissemination campaign(pufa huodong, 普法活动) which China has implemented for almost three decades, in order to understand the development of the rule of law policy in China. It first examines the background of the campaign. Then, the article delves into the legal knowledge education of leading cadres as a case study. Third, it analyzes the campaign's achievements and limitations. This article suggests that the campaign has played a vital role in awakening ordinary people's legal consciousness and encouraging their legal practices. Furthermore, it argues that the campaign provided important experience by which China set the rule of law policy as a guiding principle of government at the 15 th Party Congress in 1997. This illustrates that the state has taken the initiative in developing a legal system as well as the economy in the reform era.
Very little is known about the diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with native trees in the Cape Floristic Region of South *** fungi includes many species some of which are pathogenic to various tree *** coll...
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Very little is known about the diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with native trees in the Cape Floristic Region of South *** fungi includes many species some of which are pathogenic to various tree *** collected bark and wood samples from diseased native trees and from those showing signs of fungal *** fungi was isolated from these samples and identified through DNA analyses.A relatively high diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi were identified,ten of which were newly *** these,some were associates of various beetle and mite *** of the fungal species collected were tested for their pathogenicity on different tree specie *** fungal species proved to be pathogenic on the trees they were tested on posing a danger to these trees,whereas some were non pathogenic on the tree they were tested *** study represented one of a few studies focusing on the important ophiostomatoid fungi on native forests of Africa and more studies focusing on this field are recommended.
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