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Investigation of NR-PM1 Species and Effect on Visibility in Xi'an,China

Investigation of NR-PM1 Species and Effect on Visibility in ...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Yichen Wang JunJi Cao State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

With an Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor, we mainly focused on the variation of NRM1 species, its inorganic species formation and its effect on visibility impairment under a stable atmospheric condition（low wind speed period, from 1 September to 6 September, from 26 September to 1 October respectively）. The NRM1 took up 0% of PM2.5. Organic contributes the most（58% on average） to the NRM1 mass loading, other species make 0% contributions. Through Principle component analysis, we found NH4+, SO42- and NO3- played a stably significant role on visibility impairment within different period of the day. With the IMPROVE equation, Light scattering from NRM1 was ~ 80% of that from PM2.5, illustrating the dominance of NRM1 in the light scattering process. Organics contributed the most to light scattering during this period whereas（NH4）2SO4 and NH4NO3 played more important role on the visibility variation than Org did. Overall, it is the combination of organics,（NH4）2SO4 and NH4NO3, not a single species that are responsible for the variation of visibility variation. Sulfate formation was dominated with gas phase reactions during daytime and droplet phase reactions at night. Nitrate particles, however, were not formed immediately after gas phase reactions in the afternoon. Two types of OA（HOA and OOA） were found in this study. The oxygenation level of organics was relatively high and photochemical reaction proceeded rapidly in the afternoon. BBOA（biomass burning organic aerosol） cannot be resolved though tracers of BBOA（m/z 60 and 73） have a prominent signal, illustrating the similar variation of time series between these two factors, which maybe resulted from the traditional energy consumption pattern in villages.

关键词： ACSM,NRPM 1,stable atmospheric condition,formation,visibility,HOA,OOA

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Particle size distribution and characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons during an autumn haze episode in Nanjing, China

Particle size distribution and characteristics of Polycyclic...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Qingzi Meng Shuxian Fan Fan Zu Jiabao He Jian Zhang Yu Sun Department of Atmospheric Physics Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Ministry of EducationNanjing University of Information Science and Technology

The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of pollution and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in fine(PM2.1) and coarse(PM2.1-10) particles at suburban and city site during an autumn haze episode in Nanjing. PM10 samples were collected from Nov. 1, 2009 to Nov. 14, 2009. Filter samples were extracted by using Soxhlet and analyzed by using a gaseous chromatograph/mass spectrometer(GC-MS). Sixteen PAHs were measured at day and night of suburban and city site in this study. The results show that the concentrations of particles could be as high as 579.55 and 573.43μg/m-3 at suburban and city site during the haze episode, it was 3-4 times higher than normal days and the proportion of fine particles in the haze episode was also higher than normal days;the varies of concentration of PAHs were in accord with the concentration of particles. The concentrations of particles and PAHs at night were higher than in the daytime both at city and suburban site during the haze episode;the main kinds of PAHs in particles were the high-molecular-weight PAHs which make up approximately 80% of the total PAHs no matter in normal days or haze episode. It also turns out that wet removal mechanism has strong scavenging ability for pollutants, especially for the fine fraction;the spectral distribution of PAHs was the transfer of coarse fraction to fine fraction and this phenomenon was most obvious at night at city site, which indicates that the emission sources and the condition of boundary layer play important roles in the distribution and concentration of PAHs;the concentration of CAN-PAHs is relatively higher at both sampling sites and periods, the highest proportion of CAN-PAHs appear at the night of city site, it was as high as 52% of total PAHs, it is higher risk exposures for the people in Nanjing.

关键词： Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Haze episode Particle size distribution Meteorological conditions Nanjing

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Characteristics,distribution and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fine particulate in Nanjing,China

Characteristics,distribution and source apportionment of pol...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Jiabao He Shuxian Fan Fan Zu Qingzi Meng Jian Zhang Yu Sun Department of Atmospheric Physics Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Key Laboratory for Meteorological Disaster Ministry of EducationNanjing University of Information Science and Technology

A study of 16 EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) associated with particulate matter(PM2.1) in the ambient air in Nanjing was carried out from November 2009 to July *** PAH concentrations during the sampling period were in the range of 25.91-102.25 ng/m3(average value: 58.09ng/m3), with relatively higher values in nighttime rather than daytime. Differing from other studies, PM2.1-bound PAHs were found to be more abundant at suburban site, which was due to the sharp increase in vehicle numbers for recent years in suburban along with the development of urbanization and the unique industrial circumstance around the suburban site. What's more, similarities between the profiles for two sites were identified by using coefficient of divergence, predicting PAHs from the two districts have common sources. Correlation analysis proved the PM2.1-bound PAHs mainly derived from combustion activities and the species of Bb F, Chr, Fla, In P, Be P, Bghi P, all of which were vehicle markers, dominated the PAH profiles. The average concentrations in four reasons were in the order of winter>spring>autumn>summer, owing to both pollution sources local or external and meteorological factors. Apportioned by Diagnostic ratios and Principal component analyses(PCA), yearly potential sources of PM2.1- bound PAHs in Nanjing were traffic exhaust and coal consumption including coal combustion, coal gas production and coke oven. During autumn, local emission provided a higher level of contribution with the source of wood/biomass burning supplied. However, air masses in spring and winter were relatively aged and influenced more by long range transport. Particulates in summer were diluted by Asian monsoon with much degradation happened.

关键词： Concentration Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Correlation sources

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台灣大氣中PM2.5區域性來源之模擬分析

台灣大氣中PM2.5區域性來源之模擬分析

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者：陳杜甫張艮輝雲林科技大學環境與安全衛生工程系

近十年來東亞地區經濟及工業快速發展,使得由人、交通及工業所排放的空氣污染物隨之日益增加(Ohara et al.,2007),使得空氣污染問題也日益嚴重,污染物不僅會對排放源當地空氣品質造成影響,亦會經由長程傳輸亦會使得其他鄰近國家的空氣... 详细信息

近十年來東亞地區經濟及工業快速發展,使得由人、交通及工業所排放的空氣污染物隨之日益增加(Ohara et al.,2007),使得空氣污染問題也日益嚴重,污染物不僅會對排放源當地空氣品質造成影響,亦會經由長程傳輸亦會使得其他鄰近國家的空氣品質受到影響,對常處於污染物出流處的鄰近國家而言,境外傳輸的影響為當地空氣污染物污染之來源的一個很重要的來源之一(Shimadera et al.,2009;Koo et al.,2008;Wang,2005)。台灣位於東亞地區,隔著台灣海峽緊鄰中國大陸,因此對台灣大氣中之PM2.5而言,除台灣本島排放之影響外,由境外傳輸至台灣的污染物,亦是另一個重要的影響來源。台灣於2012年公告了相當嚴格的PM2.5空氣品質標準,要達成此空氣品質標準需要針對PM2.5影響來源實施適當的管制措施,因此需釐清台灣大氣中PM2.5濃度區域性來源之相對重要性。本研究以MM5/CMAQ為工具,進行全年三層巢狀網格套疊模擬(如圖1),探討2007年東亞污染物排放對台灣大氣PM2.5之貢獻來源。要釐清台灣大氣中PM2.5區域性來源之貢獻比例,需進行四種不同排放案例模擬,包括(A)基準排放案例:考慮區域內台灣與所有東亞其他國家之排放;(B)東亞零排放案例:僅考慮台灣排放,東亞其他國家零排放;(C)台灣零排放案例:僅考慮東亞其它國家排放,台灣零排放;(D)全部零排放案例:區域內台灣與東亞其他國家皆零排放。研究結果顯示,全年台灣大氣中PM2.5區域性來源,台灣本身佔有最高之貢獻比例約為60%,東亞長程傳輸貢獻約37%(直接貢獻為27%,間接貢獻為9%),東亞背景貢獻乃為全球排放對東亞區域之整體影響,此影響僅約3%,如表1所示。在表中之季節變化上,夏季台灣PM2.5受東亞排放長程傳輸的影響較輕微(僅14%),主要受台灣本身排放生成之影響(81%)。在其餘三季節,境外傳送對於台灣PM2.5污染均扮演重要角色,東亞長程傳輸貢獻均達40%,但仍有高達57%-58%來自台灣本身之貢獻。東亞長程傳輸之間接貢獻代表境外污染物傳送至台灣與台灣本地污染物之交互作用對台灣PM2.5濃度之貢獻,換言之,此間接貢獻乃屬台灣可控制之影響;而直接貢獻則是境外污染物直接傳送至台灣之貢獻,此直接貢獻乃屬台灣不可控制之影響。在衍生PM2.5成分(表2)中,間接貢獻對硝酸鹽與銨鹽具有較大影響(各別為36%、24%),而直接貢獻則是對硫酸鹽有較大影響(57%)。換言之,台灣硫酸鹽不易透過台灣本地污染物排放控制降低長程傳輸之影響,而硝酸鹽與銨鹽之長程傳輸影響,則相當程度可透過台灣本地污染物排放控制降低對台灣PM2.5的影響。

关键词：零排放

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Chemical composition and source characterization of Fugitive Dust over Xi'an in the South Margin of the Loess Plateau,China

Chemical composition and source characterization of Fugitive...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Zhang Qian Mu Jiao Shen Zhenxing Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University SKLLQG Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences

A unique set of soil samples were collected to analyze the chemical composition and source characterization of Fugitive Dust over Xi'an city, namely, 2 soil dust samples, 19(4) paved road dust samples, 53(17) construction dust samples and 2 cement production samples. By the means of high-sensitivity X-ray fluorescence and ion chromatography, the samples were detected contained eighteen elements like Na, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Ba and Pb and eight ions like Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F-, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-, respectively. The most abundant elements in the samples were Al, Si, Ca and Fe. The elements of Ca, Zn, As and Pb had negative correlations to crustal elements(Si, Al, K and Ti) and were rich in Xi'an city, typically, which indicated that they were from non-crustal sources and can be used as the typical trace elements of construction dust emission. High correlations(r > 0.84;**P<0.01) were observed among crustal elements except Fe in dust samples which indicated that the source of Fe is different from others as it may come from oil burning. The observed Si/Al, K/Al, Ti/Al and Mn/Al ratios were similar to the source of Composite loess in Chinese Loess Plateau(CLP) and Upper Continental Crust(UCC): Furthermore, Fe/Al and Mg/Al were consistent with the Dust storm over NW China, implying that the fugitive dust were mixedly influenced by them. In cement samples, the ratios of K/Ca, Si/Ca and Fe/Ca were higher than other dust samples in Asian dust but much lower than in other urban cities, indicating there were significantly differences in the contributions of the energy structure of K, Si and Fe in Xi'an. Most of the water-soluble calcium had high correlation with evaluated carbonate(r=0.97), implying that Ca2+ is in the form of Ca CO3 rather than other calcium minerals in Xi'an fugitive dust. The majority of K is insoluble(K+/K <20%), showing that the fugitive dust can be separated from biomass burning contributions. A similarity of major elem

关键词： Fugitive Dust,Xi'an city,Source apportionment,Construction dust

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Development of an optimal method for 14C-based source apportionment of PM2.5 carbonaceous aerosols at a background site in East China

Development of an optimal method for 14C-based source apport...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Di Liu Jun Li Yanlin Zhang Yue Xu Xiang Liu Ping Ding Chengde Shen Yingjun Chen Chongguo Tian Gan Zhang State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research Chinese Academy of Sciences

Carbonaceous aerosol is one of the most abundant components(20-80%) of atmospheric fine particulates(PM2.5) [1] and substantially affects both climate and human health. Based on their optical properties, carbonaceous aerosols can be classified as organic carbon(OC) or elemental carbon(EC). In general, EC is a primary pollutant derived exclusively from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass burning, whereas OC is a complex mixture of primary and secondary organic aerosols(POA and SOA, respectively). Compared with other methods, such as the use of the OC/EC ratio only, radiocarbon(14C) analysis facilitates the direct differentiation of modern carbon sources from fossil fuel sources [2, 3]. To date, many 14 C studies have focused on the amount of total carbon(TC) in aerosols [4-6], and only a few studies have separately analyzed both OC and EC due to limitations of the technique, the bulk samples required, and the high cost for 14 C measurement. Furthermore, due to their ambiguous artificial boundary, the identification of the individual OC and EC fractions in carbonaceous aerosols is depends significantly on the method [7]. Because EC is emitted into the atmosphere solely from either fossil fuel combustion or biomass burning as primary particles, a clear distinction of the EC source between these two sources can be achieved [8, 9]. As a result, the use of a combination of OC/EC separation and 14 C analysis for the identification of the source, regardless of whether its origin is fossil or non-fossil, is more effective than the analysis of the 14 C in the TC. Due to the rapid economic growth and high population density in China, the aerosols and their precursor emissions have drawn significant attention in recent decades. As one of the three largest economic hubs in China, the Yangtze River Delta(YRD) experiences serious air pollution but fewmonitoring station of 14C-related studies. Ningbo Atmospheric Environmental Observatory(NAEO), where close to the

关键词： carbonaceous aerosols at a background site in East China C-based source apportionment of PM Development of an optimal method for

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臺中市政府清潔隊柴油車輛裝置濾煙器試範運行成果

臺中市政府清潔隊柴油車輛裝置濾煙器試範運行成果

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者：劉邦裕臺中市政府環境保護局

臺中縣市合併後成為臺灣新興都會區,發展時間僅次於臺北市與高雄市,人口達2,675,939人,由於車輛眾多污染排放嚴重,因此臺中市政府環境保護局於2009年執行『臺中市清潔隊車輛裝置濾煙器示範運行計畫』,選擇15輛柴油車輛進行清潔隊柴油車... 详细信息

臺中縣市合併後成為臺灣新興都會區,發展時間僅次於臺北市與高雄市,人口達2,675,939人,由於車輛眾多污染排放嚴重,因此臺中市政府環境保護局於2009年執行『臺中市清潔隊車輛裝置濾煙器示範運行計畫』,選擇15輛柴油車輛進行清潔隊柴油車輛裝置濾煙器的示範運行,評估柴油車輛裝置濾煙器對於柴油車輛污染減量的效益,特別是粒狀污染物的減量效益。為延續2009年示範運行計畫的成果,於2010年執行「清潔車輛裝置濾煙器設備採購暨2009年濾煙器維修再生計畫」,再選擇15輛柴油車輛進行清潔隊柴油車輛裝置濾煙器的示範運行,並於2012年持續進行柴油車輛已裝置濾煙器之維護保養相關工作。2009年執行『臺中市清潔隊車輛裝置濾煙器示範運行計畫』,選擇出廠年份介於1997年至2003年的15輛柴油車輛進行清潔隊柴油車輛裝置濾煙器的示範運行,評估柴油車輛裝置濾煙器對於柴油車輛污染減量的效益,該計畫進行柴油車輛於安裝濾煙器前後粒狀污染物(PM))、氣狀污染物(CO及HC)及多環芳香烴化合物(PAHs)的污染減量效益。其中該年度粒狀污染物(PM)平均去除效益為90%,一氧化碳(CO)及碳氫化合物(HC)則無明顯去除效益,而多環芳香烴化合物(PAHs)的濃度平均去除效益為24%。而2010年執行「清潔車輛裝置濾煙器設備採購暨2009年濾煙器維修再生計畫」,選擇出廠年份介於2001年至2005年的15輛柴油車輛進行清潔隊柴油車輛裝置濾煙器的示範運行,該年度則針對粒狀污染物(PM)進行濾煙器安裝前後及該柴油車輛行駛1年後之效益評估,其中安裝前後之粒狀污染物(PM)平均去除效益為86%,而行駛1年後之粒狀污染物(PM)平均去除效益為60%。由於2009年執行『臺中市清潔隊車輛裝置濾煙器示範運行計畫』所選擇的清潔隊柴油車輛皆為較為老舊之車輛,經過臺中市政府環境保護局針對清潔隊車輛進行汰舊換新的過程後,都已經報廢並將濾煙器拆下待安裝至其他清潔隊車輛,而2010年所安裝濾煙器之15輛柴油車輛也有3輛已經報廢。因此於2012年重新選擇4輛出廠年份於2001年至2005年之柴油車輛安裝自報廢車輛拆缷下來之濾煙器,其安裝前後之粒狀污染物(PM)平均去除效益為98%。臺中市政府環境保護局自2009年開始,進行清潔隊柴油車輛安裝濾煙器之污染減量效益評估,在粒狀污染物(PM)的污染減量效益良好,未來亦可針對老舊清潔隊柴油車輛在屆齡報廢前3至5年安裝濾煙器,以達到污染減量效益,也可以讓市民感受到環保局對所屬柴油車輛管理的用心。

关键词：濾煙器狀污染物氣狀污染物多環芳香烴化合物排放量

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Comparing new particle formation events between in highly and less polluted atmosphere:Implication of a critical role of anthropogenic pollutants in growing new particles to CCN size

Comparing new particle formation events between in highly an...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Y.J.Zhu H.W.Gao Z.Q.Duan G.J.Evans X.H.Yao Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology Ministry of EducationOcean University of China Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research University of Toronto

When new particles formed in the atmosphere grow over 50-80 nm, they can be activated as cloud condensation nuclei（CCN） and lead to an increase of cloud albedo. Knowledge gaps still existed, e.g., 1) in what type of new particle formation（NPF） events new particles can grow over 50 nm? 2) which chemicals determine the growth of new particles to be over 50 nm? In this study, NPF events were investigated at two urban sites, in Qingdao and in Toronto, using two identical Fast Mobility Particle Sizer（FMPS） in spring. The satellite column density of pollution gases and the particular chemical concentration in PM2.5 both showed much higher concentrations of anthropogenic air pollutants in Qingdao than in Toronto. NPF events were observed in 16 days out of 39 sampling days in Qingdao and 13 days out of 31 sampling days in Toronto. The occurrence frequency of NPF events between Qingdao（41%） and Toronto（43%） was comparable to each other. In Qingdao, the geometric mean diameter of grown nucleated particles（D pg,i） in 15 days grew to larger than 40 nm except in one day when the growth of new particles terminated at 0 nm. In addition, new particles in 8 days out of the 15 days partly or entirely grew over 50 nm and they could even reached 100 nm in two days. Two-phase growth was generally observed in these NPF events of Qingdao. The first-phase growth occurred in daytime and the CMAQ modeling results suggested that formation of secondary organics was likely the major cause for the growth. The second-phase growth was observed at night and was associated with the increased concentrations of NH4+and NO3-, implying that NH4NO3 condensation played an important role in the growth. In Toronto, NPF events in 4 days followed with the growth of new particles <0 nm while new particles grew up to 0 nm in the remaining NPF events. A slight growth of new particles at night was observed only in 3-days NPF events when the increased concentrations of NH4+, NO3- or the increased relative humidity

关键词： nucleation,particle growth,anthropogenic pollutants,NH4NO3 condensation

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Observation of submicron aerosols at Mount Tai in east China from 2010 to 2012:Impact of different air masses on chemical components and size distribution

Observation of submicron aerosols at Mount Tai in east China...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Y.M.Zhang X.Y.Zhang J.Y.Sun G.Y.Hu X.J.Shen T.T.Wang D.Z.Wang Y.Zhao Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Wu Han University Heilongjiang Province Meteorological Bureau Tai An meteorological bureau

Real-time measurements of non-refractory submicron aerosols(NR-PM1) were conducted using an aerodyne mass spectrometry(Q-AMS) at the summit of Mount Tai(1534m above sea level)in Shandong province, locates in the center of the Central East China(CEC) region, from June 2010 to January 2012, as a part of National basic research project monitoring campaign. The mass concentrations and size distributions of non-refractory submicron particle(NR-PM1) species(i.e., sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, chloride, and organics) were measured in situ at 5-min time resolution. Overall, 146 days valid data was obtained during the whole campaign, which covers four different seasons. The average total mass concentration of NR-PM1 was 42.9 g m-3, with 31%sulfate, 32% organics, 19% nitrate and 18% ammonium. The average mass concentration of NR-PM1 is highest(59.9 g m-3) in summer and lowest(31.9 g m-3) in spring. Species occupied different percentages in different seasons, sulfate in summer, Organics in fall and winter, while nitrate dominants the NR-PM1 in spring respectively. To investigate the size-resolved mass concentrations of aerosol chemical components from different sources, seven air masses were clustered based on the 72 hours back trajectory with HYSPLIT model. Cluster I, IV and V with short pathway represent the local and regional sources, and the concentrations from these clusters were higher than that from cluster III and VI which originated from remote and clean North-West sources. According to the results of diurnal cycles for chemical species in NR-PM1 higher at noon and lower at midnight from seven clusters, it was concluded that the site was controlled under the transitions between PBL and FT at daytime and nighttime. The size distributions of chemical species were different from different air masses, cluster I, II, IV, V and VII showed same shape with accumulation mode(500-600nm), the concentration at nighttime is lower than at daytime. For cluster VI and III, it demonstra

关键词： NR-PM1,Chemical species,mass concentration,Size distribution,Mt.Tai

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The “Dual-Spot” Aethalometer:real-time source apportionment of fossil fuel vs. biomass combustion aerosols

The “Dual-Spot” Aethalometer:real-time source apportionmen...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： G.MO?NIK L.DRINOVEC P.ZOTTER A.S.H.PRéV?T C.RUCKSTUHL J.SCIARE J.-E.PETIT R.SARDA ESTEVE A.D.A.HANSEN Aerosol d.o.o. SI-1000 LjubljanaSlovenia Paul Scherrer Institut CH-5232 VilligenSwitzerland inNET Monitoring AG CH- 6460 AltdorfSwitzerland LSCE CNRS-CEA-IPSL F-91191 Gif-sur-YvetteFrance Magee Scientific Corp. BerkeleyCA 94704USA

Filter-based measurements of aerosol optical absorption are widely used to determine Black Carbon(BC) concentrations in real time. Measurements at multiple wavelengths(Sandradewi 2008) can identify the contributions from different combustion sources, separating ‘Black Carbon'(BC) from ‘Brown Carbon'(Br C). These methods sometimes show non-linearity due to ‘loading effects' of increasing aerosol deposit on the filter(Gundel, 1984;Weingartner, 2003;Arnott, 2005;Virkkula, 2007). These effects are highly variable and cannot be treated by static algorithms, either in post-processing of the data or fixed in the instrument firmware. A dynamical and auto-adaptive approach is required, in order to capture the details and variability of the aerosol optical properties and allow for accurate real-time source apportionment. We have developed a new Aethalometer?, Model AE33, in which two parallel sampling channels collect the aerosol simultaneously at different loading rates. Combining the data from the two parallel analyses eliminates the ‘loading effect' and yields an accurate measurement of BC together with a dynamical value of the non-linearity parameter which is indicative of aerosol properties. These analyses are performed for multiple optical wavelengths spanning the range from 370 nm to 950 nm and with a time resolution as rapid as 1 second. The results show greatly improved analytical performance for measurement of BC. The instrument is network-ready and is designed for both research and routine monitoring operations. We present results from the use of this new instrument in urban and rural measurement campaigns in Switzerland, France, Austria, and Slovenia. The data show high sensitivity and time resolution, with a complete absence of loading artifacts. We have developed a real-time application based on a published method(Sandradewi, 2008) for source apportionment to separate contributions of biomass and fossil fuel combustion to ambient aerosols. The diurnal concentrat

关键词： black carbon source apportionment optical properties aerosol absorption

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