Despite genetic evidence showing that increased or decreased incorporation of the NR2B subunit into N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors(NMDARs)affects hippocampus-dependent memory in the adult brain,NR2B is not necessary f...
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Despite genetic evidence showing that increased or decreased incorporation of the NR2B subunit into N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors(NMDARs)affects hippocampus-dependent memory in the adult brain,NR2B is not necessary for memory in some experimental
Locomotion requires coordinated rhythmic motor activity throughout an animal's body. By combining microfluidics and optical neurophysiology, we first discovered that forward locomotion in C. elegans is both driven...
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Locomotion requires coordinated rhythmic motor activity throughout an animal's body. By combining microfluidics and optical neurophysiology, we first discovered that forward locomotion in C. elegans is both driven and coordinated by a novel form of proprioceptive coupling within the motor circuit. Guided by this principle, we develop a simple computational model of worm locomotion and provide a biophysical explanation of why the speed and the shape of body undulation in C. elegans adapt to the mechanical load imposed by the environment. Second, we identified a reciprocal excitation and inhibition circuit motif in the worm head motor circuit that provides a gain control mechanism for modulating the amplitude as well as the frequency of undulation. I will also discuss on-going endeavors aiming at developing a complete understanding of motor control in C. elegans from both algorithmic and mechanistic standpoint of view.
Choroid plexus papillomas are the rare benign tumors and the pigmented disease is even less common, the one located in sellar region is hardly seen, we present the case of a 43-year-old women with complains of headach...
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Choroid plexus papillomas are the rare benign tumors and the pigmented disease is even less common, the one located in sellar region is hardly seen, we present the case of a 43-year-old women with complains of headache and progressive visual deterioration in the left eye, whose plain CT showed an ovate high density tumor located in sellar region and MRI represented a homogeneously contrast-enhancing tumor extending from sellar turcica to upsellar cistern. Single-nostril transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery was performed in this patient with a subtotal resection, postoperative histological examination indicated that hyperchromatic tissue filled with cytoplasmic pigment, hyperplasic columnar epithelial cells cover with it, some of it showed papillary partially. These findings combined with immunohistochemistry, proved that the lesion was a pigmented choroid plexus papilloma. We reviewed the current literature, and discussed the origin, the differential of diagnosis and the role of surgery and radiotherapy in the disease.
Objective:High-frequency oscillations(HFOs)are promising biomarkers of epilepsy;however,their characteristic changes during the pre-ictal period remain ***,we investigated the pre-ictal changes of HFOs in mesial tempo...
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Objective:High-frequency oscillations(HFOs)are promising biomarkers of epilepsy;however,their characteristic changes during the pre-ictal period remain ***,we investigated the pre-ictal changes of HFOs in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy(mTLE).
Objective Microsaccades are involuntary eye movements with small amplitude and fast velocity during visual fixation. While frequency, amplitude and direction of microsaccade exhibit distinct modulation by selective at...
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Objective Microsaccades are involuntary eye movements with small amplitude and fast velocity during visual fixation. While frequency, amplitude and direction of microsaccade exhibit distinct modulation by selective attention, the mechanisms for these modulations are still under debate. Methods To better understand physiological processing underlying microsaccadic generation and modulation, we examined effects of task difficulty on microsaccade while monkeys were performing an attentional task with two levels of color detection difficulty. Results Our results indicated that task difficulty can decrease microsaccadic rate and enhance its direction bias towards the focus of spatial attention induced by an endogenous cue. Furthermore, we found that task difficulty make a trend of prolonged microsaccadic inhibition. We also found the proportion of microsaccades with high amplitude increased after the appearance of peripheral stimulus while monkeys were doing the hard attention task. Conclusion Taken together, our findings further support that microsaccades are modulated by attentional load.
Rotated mirror or normal letter discriminations are thought to elicit mental rotation in neural processing. Rotation out of the picture plane, which is called the 'FLIP', has been accounted for the longer resp...
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Rotated mirror or normal letter discriminations are thought to elicit mental rotation in neural processing. Rotation out of the picture plane, which is called the 'FLIP', has been accounted for the longer response time in mirror letters than normal ones. While little work has been focused on whether or not mirrored stimuli are rotated at the same time as the normal except the hypothesis with few direct evidence that following process will be unnecessary if mental rotation occurs at different times for the two stimulus types. We examined High-density ERPs evoked by rotated letters to determine the relationship between the FLIP and rotation in the picture plane in different types. Both the behavioral and electrophysiological findings suggest that the emergence of FLIP partially overlaps with rotation in the picture plane and leads to the delay of rotation-related negativity which occurs only if mental rotation is required.
Homeostasis of the components in phototransduction cascades is essential for visual function. The visual pigment rhodopsin is the key component in phototransduction cascade. However, the mechanism of rhodopsin homeost...
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Homeostasis of the components in phototransduction cascades is essential for visual function. The visual pigment rhodopsin is the key component in phototransduction cascade. However, the mechanism of rhodopsin homeostasis is totally unknown. Here, we investigated the dynamic of rhodopsin and showed that rhodopsin undergoes rapid degradation upon saturated light expulsion and fast biosynthesis with dark adaptation. Furthermore, we revealed that adult flies transcript abundant rhodopsin m RNA, which are locked in monoribosomes and polyribosomes. We further identified that phosphorylated FMR1 binds with rhodopsin m RNA and suppresses the biosynthesis of rhodopsin. Moreover, we demonstrated that light-stimulation switches the phosphorylation status of FMR1 and identified the potential phosphatase that controls the dephosphorylation process of FMR1. Our studies support a model in which light-exposure triggers the degradation of rhodopsin. Meanwhile, light-exposure also regulates the phosphatase activity and stimulates dephosphorylation process of FMR1, which subsequently abolish the biosynthesis suppression of rhodopsin.
Entorhinal cortex(EC) is one of selectively vulnerable brain areas in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. The EC is one of selectively vulnerable brain areas in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. The EC h...
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Entorhinal cortex(EC) is one of selectively vulnerable brain areas in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. The EC is one of selectively vulnerable brain areas in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. The EC have widespread connections with hippocampus and neocortex, and different layers of EC have distinct functions and interaction. Reelin plays fundamental role in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in adult brain. In aged brain, the role of Reelin signaling pathway in EC still remain to be fully determined. In present study, we examined the morphology, synaptic plasticity, neuronal degeneration and Reelin expression in the all layers of EC of adult and aged mice. Our results demonstrated that the number of Reelin positive neurons was reduced in the superficial layers of EC, but Reelin protein was accumulated in deep layer of EC. These results suggest that aging may affect the connection of EC with hippocampus and neocortex, and interaction between layers within EC.
Neuronal specification is fundamental for proper assembly of neuronal circuits. While pre-specified genetic programs play important roles in the early steps of neuronal specification, many neurons acquire distinct ide...
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Neuronal specification is fundamental for proper assembly of neuronal circuits. While pre-specified genetic programs play important roles in the early steps of neuronal specification, many neurons acquire distinct identities as their axons navigate toward target cells and encounter target-derived signaling molecules. Mechanisms by which axons convert the complex milieu of signaling molecules into retrograde signals are not fully understood. We find that neuronal specification in trigeminal ganglia requires the sequential action of two target-derived factors, BDNF and BMP4. BDNF induces the translation of axonally localized SMAD1/5/8 transcripts. Axon-derived transcription factors SMAD1/5/8 are then translocated to the cell body, where it is phosphorylated to a transcriptionally active form by BMP4-induced signaling endosomes. Our data raise the intriguing possibility that the axonal translation and retrograde trafficking of transcription factors may be a recurrent feature in neuronal subtype specification and patterning.
作者:
Jiawei ZhouInstitute of Neuroscience
State Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCAS Center for Excellence in Brain ScienceShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences
Dopamine(DA) homeostasis is essential for a variety of brain activities. Dopamine transporter(DAT)-mediated DA reuptake is one of the most critical mechanisms for the control of normal DA homeostasis. However, the mol...
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Dopamine(DA) homeostasis is essential for a variety of brain activities. Dopamine transporter(DAT)-mediated DA reuptake is one of the most critical mechanisms for the control of normal DA homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of DAT activity in the brain remain poorly understood. Here, we showed that a Rho family GEF protein Vav2 is required for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF) and its cognate receptor Ret-modulated DAT cell surface expression and transporter activity Mice deficient in either Vav2 or Ret displayed an elevation of DAT activity, which was accompanied with a significant increase in the intracellular DA levels selectively in the nucleus accumbens. Vav2–/– mice exposed to cocaine showed reduced DAT activity and diminished behavioral cocaine response. Our data demonstrate that Vav2 is a determinant of DAT trafficking in vivo and contributes to the maintenance of DA homeostasis in limbic DA neuron terminals.
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