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Neural mechanisms of visual crowding

Neural mechanisms of visual crowding

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Fang Fang Department of Psychology Peking University Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences Peking University PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research Peking University

Crowding, the identification difficulty for a target in the presence of nearby flankers, is ubiquitous in spatial vision and is considered a bottleneck of object recognition and visual awareness. Despite its significance, the neural mechanisms of crowding are still unclear. Here, we performed event-related potential(ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging(f MRI) experiments to measure the cortical interaction between the target and flankers in human subjects. We found that the magnitude of the crowding effect was closely associated with an early suppressive cortical interaction. The cortical suppression was reflected in the earliest ERP component(C1), which originated in V1, and in the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent(BOLD) signal in V1, but not other higher cortical areas. Intriguingly, spatial attention played a critical role in the manifestation of the suppression. These findings provide direct and converging evidence that attention-dependent V1 suppression contributes to crowding at a very early stage of visual processing.

关键词： fMRI ERP psychophysics visual cortex

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DJ-1基因异常在帕金森病发病和诊断中的作用及其相关机制

DJ-1基因异常在帕金森病发病和诊断中的作用及其相关机制

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者：陈生弟王志全熊燃康文岩盛呈雨陈依梦刘军丁健青上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院神经科神经病学研究所

帕金森病(PD)是一种中老年人常见的神经系统变性疾病,其发病被认为与遗传和环境因素有关,DJ-1基因是一个较为重要的PD致病基因,参与了家族性及散发性PD的发生。DJ-1作为分子伴侣,帮助细胞抵抗氧化应激攻击,但是对于其抗氧化应激的分子... 详细信息

帕金森病(PD)是一种中老年人常见的神经系统变性疾病,其发病被认为与遗传和环境因素有关,DJ-1基因是一个较为重要的PD致病基因,参与了家族性及散发性PD的发生。DJ-1作为分子伴侣,帮助细胞抵抗氧化应激攻击,但是对于其抗氧化应激的分子机制及其致病机理尚不明确。在家族遗传性PD中,DJ-1基因的突变导致多巴胺能神经元更易受到氧化应激损伤。本课题组的前期研究结果显示,DJ-1能与Erk1/2相互作用,促进Erk1/2的入核,激活下游底物Elk1,转录因子Elk1可结合SOD1启动子,从而上调SOD1的表达。DJ-1的突变和缺失抑制了Erk1/2-Elk-1通路调控SOD1的表达的保护作用,从而使DJ-1缺失的细胞/动物模型对于氧化应激引起的损伤更加敏感。有研究表明,散发性PD患者的中脑DJ-1蛋白水平下降,被认为可能是PD发病的重要机制,因此了解DJ-1蛋白表达的调控具有重要意义。本课题组的前期实验在细胞和动物模型中证明了mi R-494能够通过结合DJ-1的3’UTR区域调控小鼠DJ-1的表达。在MPTP诱导的小鼠PD模型中,运用慢病毒载体介导在小鼠黑质区域过表达mi R-494能下调DJ-1的表达水平,最终加剧MPTP导致的多巴胺能神经元变性死亡。进一步实验发现,在人类中调控DJ-1表达的是hsa-mi R-4639,其通过结合人DJ-1的3’UTR区域下调人DJ-1的表达,影响了DJ-1的抗氧化应激功能,从而使神经元对氧化应激损伤更为敏感。通过mi RNA芯片及Q-PCR验证,我们发现散发性PD患者外周血中hsa-mi R-4639水平相比于正常对照人群异常升高。这一指标在PD发生早期就出现显著升高,且与PD病程呈正相关,提示外周血hsa-mi R-4639水平可能成为PD早期诊断的生物标记物及病情监测指标。

关键词：帕金森病动物模型基因异常多巴胺能神经元相关机制

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Specificity of motion perceptual learning even with double training

Specificity of motion perceptual learning even with double t...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Ju Liang Yifeng Zhou Manfred Fahle Zili Liu School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of China University of Bremen Center for Cognitive Sciences Department of Psychology University of California

A significant recent development in visual perceptual learning research is the double training technique. With this technique, Xiao, Zhang, Wang, Klein, Levi, and Yu(2008) have found complete transfer in tasks that had previously been shown to be stimulus specific. The significance of this finding is that this technique has since been successful in all tasks tested, including motion direction discrimination. Here, we investigated whether or not this technique could generalize to longer-term learning, using the method of constant stimuli. Our task was learning to discriminate motion directions of random dots. The second leg of training was contrast discrimination along a new average direction of the same moving dots. We found that, although exposure of moving dots along a new direction facilitated motion direction discrimination, this partial transfer was far from complete. We conclude that, although perceptual learning is transferrable under certain conditions, stimulus specificity also remains an inherent characteristic of motion perceptual learning.

关键词： perceptual learning motion discrimination double training long

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Difficulty modulates microsaccades during a selective visual attention task

Difficulty modulates microsaccades during a selective visual...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Linyan Xue Dan Huang Meijian Wang Yao Chen School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Objective Microsaccades are involuntary eye movements with small amplitude and fast velocity during visual fixation. While frequency, amplitude and direction of microsaccade exhibit distinct modulation by selective attention, the mechanisms for these modulations are still under debate. Methods To better understand physiological processing underlying microsaccadic generation and modulation, we examined effects of task difficulty on microsaccade while monkeys were performing an attentional task with two levels of color detection difficulty. Results Our results indicated that task difficulty can decrease microsaccadic rate and enhance its direction bias towards the focus of spatial attention induced by an endogenous cue. Furthermore, we found that task difficulty make a trend of prolonged microsaccadic inhibition. We also found the proportion of microsaccades with high amplitude increased after the appearance of peripheral stimulus while monkeys were doing the hard attention task. Conclusion Taken together, our findings further support that microsaccades are modulated by attentional load.

关键词： Visual attention Eye movement Attentional load Microsaccade

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Homeostasis regulation of Rhodopsin in Fly Phototransduction

Homeostasis regulation of Rhodopsin in Fly Phototransduction

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Xiao Wang Junhai Han Institute of Life Sciences the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human DiseaseSoutheast University

Homeostasis of the components in phototransduction cascades is essential for visual function. The visual pigment rhodopsin is the key component in phototransduction cascade. However, the mechanism of rhodopsin homeostasis is totally unknown. Here, we investigated the dynamic of rhodopsin and showed that rhodopsin undergoes rapid degradation upon saturated light expulsion and fast biosynthesis with dark adaptation. Furthermore, we revealed that adult flies transcript abundant rhodopsin m RNA, which are locked in monoribosomes and polyribosomes. We further identified that phosphorylated FMR1 binds with rhodopsin m RNA and suppresses the biosynthesis of rhodopsin. Moreover, we demonstrated that light-stimulation switches the phosphorylation status of FMR1 and identified the potential phosphatase that controls the dephosphorylation process of FMR1. Our studies support a model in which light-exposure triggers the degradation of rhodopsin. Meanwhile, light-exposure also regulates the phosphatase activity and stimulates dephosphorylation process of FMR1, which subsequently abolish the biosynthesis suppression of rhodopsin.

关键词： Rhodopsin FMR1 dephosphorylation regulation protein biosynthesis phosphatase

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Axonally synthesized transcription factors SMAD1/5/8 regulate neuronal subtype specification

Axonally synthesized transcription factors SMAD1/5/8 regulat...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Sheng-Jian JI Department of Biology South University of Science and Technology

Neuronal specification is fundamental for proper assembly of neuronal circuits. While pre-specified genetic programs play important roles in the early steps of neuronal specification, many neurons acquire distinct identities as their axons navigate toward target cells and encounter target-derived signaling molecules. Mechanisms by which axons convert the complex milieu of signaling molecules into retrograde signals are not fully understood. We find that neuronal specification in trigeminal ganglia requires the sequential action of two target-derived factors, BDNF and BMP4. BDNF induces the translation of axonally localized SMAD1/5/8 transcripts. Axon-derived transcription factors SMAD1/5/8 are then translocated to the cell body, where it is phosphorylated to a transcriptionally active form by BMP4-induced signaling endosomes. Our data raise the intriguing possibility that the axonal translation and retrograde trafficking of transcription factors may be a recurrent feature in neuronal subtype specification and patterning.

关键词： local translation,retrograde signaling,SMAD,BMP,BDNF,trigeminal ganglion

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Aggregation of Reelin protein in entorhinal cortex of aged mice

Aggregation of Reelin protein in entorhinal cortex of aged m...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Pan Wang Chunli Hu Shuman Zhang Yiheng Lv Lili Ren Jing Bi Department of Neurobiology Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases of Liaoning ProvinceLiaoning Medical University

Entorhinal cortex(EC) is one of selectively vulnerable brain areas in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. The EC is one of selectively vulnerable brain areas in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. The EC have widespread connections with hippocampus and neocortex, and different layers of EC have distinct functions and interaction. Reelin plays fundamental role in synaptic plasticity and cognitive function in adult brain. In aged brain, the role of Reelin signaling pathway in EC still remain to be fully determined. In present study, we examined the morphology, synaptic plasticity, neuronal degeneration and Reelin expression in the all layers of EC of adult and aged mice. Our results demonstrated that the number of Reelin positive neurons was reduced in the superficial layers of EC, but Reelin protein was accumulated in deep layer of EC. These results suggest that aging may affect the connection of EC with hippocampus and neocortex, and interaction between layers within EC.

关键词： Entorhinal cortex aging Reelin protein aggregation mice

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Neurotropic virus family for brain mapping

Neurotropic virus family for brain mapping

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Sen Jin Xu-Tao Zhu Zi-Qian Jin Chen-Yu Yue Hui-Jie Mi Zheng-Nan Luo Ying-Wei Zheng Fan Jia Hua-Dong Wang Zhi-Jian Zhang Xiao-Bin He Fu-Qiang Xu Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems and Wuhan center for magnetic resonance State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular PhysicsWuhan Institute of Physics and MathematicsChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Life Sciences Wuhan University Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics

Neurotropic virus,a new tool to dissect the brain circuits,has become more and more popular in neuroscience research. To date, neurotropic virus-mediated tracing develops quickly and becomes the most useful technology for revealing the structure of neural circuit. Every member of neurotropic viruses has unique molecular features, characteristic of infection and strategy of recombination. The genetic recombinants of the neurotropic viruses could help us find out the input and output of specific brain region or cell type of the neurons at multiple or single step of synaptic connections. Here we discuss the various applications of neurotropic viruses in brain research.

关键词： neurotropic virus neural circuits

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Identification of a Vav2-dependent mechanism for GDNF/Ret control of mesolimbic DAT trafficking

Identification of a Vav2-dependent mechanism for GDNF/Ret co...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Jiawei Zhou Institute of Neuroscience State Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceCAS Center for Excellence in Brain ScienceShanghai Institutes for Biological SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences

Dopamine(DA) homeostasis is essential for a variety of brain activities. Dopamine transporter(DAT)-mediated DA reuptake is one of the most critical mechanisms for the control of normal DA homeostasis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of DAT activity in the brain remain poorly understood. Here, we showed that a Rho family GEF protein Vav2 is required for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor(GDNF) and its cognate receptor Ret-modulated DAT cell surface expression and transporter activity Mice deficient in either Vav2 or Ret displayed an elevation of DAT activity, which was accompanied with a significant increase in the intracellular DA levels selectively in the nucleus accumbens. Vav2–/– mice exposed to cocaine showed reduced DAT activity and diminished behavioral cocaine response. Our data demonstrate that Vav2 is a determinant of DAT trafficking in vivo and contributes to the maintenance of DA homeostasis in limbic DA neuron terminals.

关键词： Vav2 dopaminergic neuron dopamine transporter cocaine GDNF Ret

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Dynamic changes in neural circuitry during adolescence underlie opposing fear behaviors

Dynamic changes in neural circuitry during adolescence under...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Deqiang Jing Siobhan S.Pattwell Conor Liston Ipe Ninan B.J.Casey Karl Deisseroth Francis S.Lee Department of Psychiatry Weill Cornell Medical College

Fear can be highly adaptive in promotingsurvival,yet it can also be detrimental when it persists long after a threat has passed. Malleability of the fear response may be most advantageous during adolescence when animals are prone to explore novel, potentially threatening environments. Two opposing adolescent fear-related behaviors—diminishedextinction of cued fear and suppressed expression of contextual fear—may serve this purpose, but the neural basis underlying these changes is unknown. Using microprisms to image prefrontal cortical spine maturation longitudinally, we delineate dynamic BLA-hippocampal-m PFCcircuit reorganization associated with these behavioral shifts. Exploiting this sensitive period of neural development, we devised a behavioral intervention to attenuate adolescent fear memories persistently into adulthood. These findings define a strategy for leveraging dynamic neural changes during adolescence to extinguish pathological fears implicated in anxiety and stress related disorders.

关键词： Fear conditioning,Fear extinction,Medial prefrontal cortex,Amygdala,Ventral hippocampus,Developmental neuro-circuits,neuronal plasticity

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