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Pain and challenge of Neural Electrodes

Pain and challenge of Neural Electrodes

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Yanwen Y.Duan Mingzhe Li Guangli Li College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences Wuhan University

Neural electrodes play a crucial role in neural engineering, as it directly interact to neural system either by recording or stimulation. All signal have to pass electrode-tissue interface or electrode-scalp interface effectively and safely. Long-term stability of the performance is a key issue for implantable electrodes while developing "dry EEG electrodes" became a dream to many researchers in BCI field. Here we report some recent advance in the neural electrodes including the work in our laboratory. Searching new electrode material and surface modification methods are main stream of the research in implantable electrodes, which aims to improve biocompatibility and steady performance. Nano-structured Pt electrodes, Iridium oxides electrodes and conducting polymer/Carbon nanotube electrodes, hydrogel coating have been extensively investigated and will be discussed. The "dry EEG electrodes" has recently attracted more and more attention because it became a pain that delay many possible applications of BCI. The new development of EEG electrodes without using conventional conductive gel in our Lab will also be presented and discussed.

关键词： Neural electrodes BCI dry EEG electrode electrode-tissue interface

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Dopaminergic amacrine neurons are a key conduit of retrograde signaling in the retina

Dopaminergic amacrine neurons are a key conduit of retrograd...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Dao-Qi Zhang Eye Research Institute Oakland University

Latest evidence suggests that the retina is a two-way street: phototransduction can occur on either side of the retina, in the photoreceptor or ganglion cell layers, and then be transmitted to the other side via differential neural connections. Although the neural circuitry from rod and cone photoreceptors to ganglion cells is well studied, the exact origin, route, and synaptic mechanisms of retrograde signaling from ganglion cell photoreceptors to the outer retina have remained unknown. Here I demonstrated that(1) the photopigment melanopsin mediates retrograde visual signaling in the retina,(2) axon collaterals of ganglion cell photoreceptors make physiological and anatomical connections with dopaminergic amacrine neurons that further relay signals to the outer retina via dopaminergic interplexiform processes, forming a centrifugal neural pathway, and(3) retrograde signal transmission to dopaminergic neurons is mediated primarily by presynaptic N-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and works primarily through postsynaptic AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Our results suggest that dopaminergic amacrine neurons are the key conduit for retrograde signal transmission which may influence retinal development, light/dark adaptation and retinal circadian rhythms.

关键词： Dopamine,amacrine cell,neural circuitry,retina

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Development of Virus-based Tools for Neurocircuit-tracing

Development of Virus-based Tools for Neurocircuit-tracing

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Fuqiang Xu The Key Laboratory of BioNMR Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematicsthe Chinese Academy Of Sciences Wuhan National Lab for Optoelectronic Center of Excellence for Brain Research the Chinese Academy of Science

All our brain functions, such as basic condition-controlling, learning, decision-making, are based on corresponding neural circuits, and accordingly, "Mental illness is defined as disruption in neural circuits"(the National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 2011). For a complete elucidation of the mechanisms of a given brain function, we must know the exact structures of all circuits related to that function precisely. However, the studies at circuit level on both structures and functions have been hindered by lacking of effective tools. In the past seven years, the group has been developing tools to trace the neuronal circuits, and to apply them to reveal the detailed structures of neuronal connections. By using molecular, genetic, and cellular methods to modify and construct viral tools, over a hundred of viral tracing systems have been successfully established and used in several dozens of laboratories and hospitals for a variety of purposes in non-human primate, rat, mouse, and zebra fish. I will give a brief update of the progresses in our laboratory on the relevant topics.

关键词： Virus neurocircuits tracing structure function

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Eligibility traces in cortical synapses

Eligibility traces in cortical synapses

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Kaiwen He Marco Huertas Johannes Hell Harel Shouval Alfredo Kirkwood Mind/Brain Institute.Johns Hopkins University Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy.University of Texas at Houston Department of Pharmacology.University of California at Davis

In reward-based learning, synaptic modifications depend on a brief stimulus and a temporally delayed reward, which poses the question of how synaptic activity patterns associate with a delayed reward. A theoretical solution to this so-called "distal reward problem" has been the notion of activity-generated ‘synaptic eligibility traces', silent and transient synaptic tags that can be converted into long-term changes in synaptic strength by reward-linked neuromodulators. Here we report the first experimental demonstration of eligibility traces in cortical synapses. We demonstrate the Hebbian induction of distinct traces for LTP and LTD and their subsequent timing dependent transformation into lasting changes by specific monoaminergic receptors anchored to postsynaptic proteins. Notably, the temporal properties of these transient traces allow a recurrent neural network to accurately predict the timing of the reward, thus validating the induction/transformation of eligibility traces for LTP and LTD as a plausible synaptic substrate for reward-based learning.

关键词： reward learning,eligibility trace,neuromodulators,LTP,LTD

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Modulation of task difficulty on microsaccades during covert selective attentional tasks

Modulation of task difficulty on microsaccades during covert...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Lin-Yan Xue Dan Huang Qi-Yi Hu Yao Chen College of Quality and Technical Supervision Hebei University School of Biomedical Engineering Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Microsaccades are involuntary eyemovements with small amplitude and fast velocity during attempted visual fixation. While microsaccadic rate and direction during fixation exhibit distinct modulation by attention, the mechanisms for these modulations are still debated. To better understand the physiological and mechanistic processes underlying microsaccade generation, we examined the effects of task difficulty on microsaccadic parameters during the performance of a visual attention task with two levels of color detection difficulty. Our results indicate that high task difficulty can decrease microsaccadic rate and enhance the direction bias towards the orienting of the spatial attention induced by an endogenous attentional cue. Furthermore, we show that task difficulty make a trend of prolonged microsaccadic inhibition. Finally, we also found the proportion of large amplitude microsaccades increasement after the appearance of peripheral stimulus during the hard task. Taken together, our findings further support the idea that microsaccades are modulated by the attentional load.

关键词： microsaccade covert attention task difficulty

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Plasticity in the adult auditory cortex

Plasticity in the adult auditory cortex

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Xiaoming Zhou Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics of Ministry of Education School of Life SciencesEast China Normal University NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai

Environmental enrichment, a milieu characterized by increased social interactions, sensory-motor activity, and exploratory behavior, has been demonstrated to enhance structural plasticity in the brain and thereby improve cognitive and behavioral function. Here we show that acoustic environmental enrichment restores to normal the developmentally impaired sound frequency discrimination performance of adult rats resulting from early disrupted acoustic inputs. Degraded frequency processing and decreased long-term potentiation of field potentials recorded in the primary auditory cortex of these impaired rats also were reversed partially. The observed behavioral and physiological effects induced by enriched conditions were attributed to recovery of cortical expressions of certain NMDA and GABAA receptor subunits and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These molecular changes might enhance the efficiency of cortical synaptic transmission and promote recovery from developmentally induced auditory cortical dysfunction. The study indicates a therapeutic potential for acoustic environmental enrichment as non-invasive approach for normalizing neurological disorders like hearing and associated language impairments in older children and adults.

关键词： auditory cortex plasticity environmental enrichment frequency processing

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Investigating the mechanism of action of ethoxyquin as a neuroprotection drug against peripheral neuropathy

Investigating the mechanism of action of ethoxyquin as a neu...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Jing Zhu Ruifa Mi Valentina Alda Carozzi Nicole Reed Guido Cavaletti Ahmet Hoke School of Pharmacology Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine Department of Neurology The Johns Hopkins University Surgery and Translational Medicine Dpt.University of Milan-Bicocca Via Cadore 48 20052Monza (MB)Italy

Ethoxyquin(EQ(1,2-dihydro-6-ethoxy-2,2,4,trimethylqyuinoline)) is an antioxidant used in animal foods for over 50 years. In our published paper, EQ has been identified as a potent neuroprotective drug candidate against paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy. In addition to its neuroprotective activity against paclitaxel, we find EQ can provide neuroprotection to aganist cisplatine-induced peripheral neuropathy and diabetes neuropathy disease. This study systematically evaluated the efficacy of EQ in prevention of CIPN and DPN neuropathy in vitro and on animal models. Moreover, based on its mechanism of action, neurotoxicity of cisplatin is believed to be mediated by cisplatin-DNA adducts, cisplatin-DNA adducts exerted their effects by binding to DNA and inhibiting DNA synthesis, our study also investigated how EQ prevented the cisplatin-DNA adducts accumulation using a simple, high efficacy and novel assay.

关键词： CIPN DPN neuroprotection

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Autophagy and Synaptic Activity Mechanism in Parkinson's disease

Autophagy and Synaptic Activity Mechanism in Parkinson's dis...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Zhenyu Yue Neurology and Neuroscience Director Basic and Translational Research in Movement Disorders Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York

Emerging evidence has implicated dysfunctional autophagy in a growing number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease(PD). The identification of PD genetic risk factors provides unprecedented opportunities for the dissection of the pathogenic mechanisms of PD and the development of therapeutics. Mutations in many PD associated genes are associated with the disruption of autophagy and increasing autophagy offers protection to neurons by maintaining neuronal protein homeostasis and prevention of toxic accumulation of lpha-synuclein. We have examined the role of autophagy essential genes in dopaminergic neurons using genetic animal models and our results implicate dysfunctional autophagy as one of the failing cellular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic PD. Furthermore, our study of LRRK2, which is linked to the most common familial form of PD as well as sporadic cases, reveals LRRK2-mediated cellular pathways that regulate synaptic activity(plasticity) and is expected to assist in elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of the familial PD and identifying better therapeutic targets.

关键词： Parkinson's disease,autophagy,LRRK2,lpha-synuclein,synaptic activity,neurodegenerative disease

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Mechanism of memory deficit in mouse models of Noonan syndrome

Mechanism of memory deficit in mouse models of Noonan syndro...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Yong-Seok Lee Department of Life Science Chung-Ang University

Noonan syndrome（NS） is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with congenital heart disease, short stature, facial abnormalities and cognitive deficits such as learning disabilities. Mutations in Ptpn11 which encodes SHP-2, a positive regulator for Ras-Erk signaling are responsible for ~ 50% of NS cases. We found that the mutant mice harboring NS-associated mutant Ptpn11 show increase in Erk signaling and enhanced excitatory synaptic function, suggesting that the imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission could be the cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory deficits in the NS mouse models. Importantly, the behavioral and cellular deficits could be reversed in the adult by a FDA-approved drug lovastatin. We also examined the effect of cell type-specific ectopic expression of a NS-associated mutant SHP-2 on LTP and spatial memory in adult mice. Our results show that SHP-2 in the excitatory neuron is critically involved in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory.

关键词： Mechanism of memory deficit in mouse models of Noonan syndrome

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Study lineage-specific GABAergic interneurons with brainbow vectors

Study lineage-specific GABAergic interneurons with brainbow ...

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第六届亚太神经科学联合会学术会议暨中国神经科学学会第十一届全国学术会议

作者： Min Wang Ying-Hui Fu Yong-Chun Yu Institutes of Brain Science Fudan University

Unlike simplex neocortical excitatory neurons, neocortical interneurons are various in types. Although the embryonic origins of diversity of interneurons have been examined in previous studies, little is known about the lineage development of interneurons at the single progenitor cell level, which would help explain the origin of multiple interneuron types. The traditional method to track lineage-specific neurons, low-titer injections of conditional reporter retroviral stocks, is hard to track single clone precisely or track different clones simultaneously. In order to solve the problem, we introduced a new method to label interneuron progenitors by electroporating the Brainbow vectors in Nkx2.1-cre ER mouse embryos. We found that the method help yield a sparse mosaic of color combinations in different clonal interneurons in MGE and POA of embryonic mice. Moreover, interneuron clones also could be identifiable on the basis of specific combinations of cytoplasmic and nuclear colors(up to 53 types) in adult stage, which make it more precise to label diversity of clones. In a word, it would be a great facility to study the clonal interneurons.

关键词： lineage interneuron Brainbow vectors

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