Infrared neural stimulation is an optical stimulation technique that can modulate neuronal activity in a safe and relatively non-invasive way. It is achieved without chemical substance injection or genetic manipulatio...
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Infrared neural stimulation is an optical stimulation technique that can modulate neuronal activity in a safe and relatively non-invasive way. It is achieved without chemical substance injection or genetic manipulation and lacks disadvantages of current spread accompanied by electrical stimulation. This technique was developed about 10 years ago by Duco Jansen and colleagues at Vanderbilt University. In this talk, we will discuss the mechanism of infrared neural stimulation, its early application in the peripheral nervous system, and the recent progress on the use of infrared neural stimulation in the central nervous system. We found pulsed infrared light can be used to excite neurons with high spatial resolution and the location of the stimulation may be altered by simply redirecting the light beam. Furthermore, our results suggested that focal infrared neural light stimulation can induce visual percepts and affect behavior in awake non-human primates. We conclude that infrared neural stimulation promises to have the potential application in human brain-machine interfaces such as restoring vision in blind patients and treatment of other neurological disorders.
Iron is an essential element for most living organisms on earth, including human beings. An inability to maintain iron homeostasis may lead to death or a disease. In fact, it is estimated that nearly one quarter of po...
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Iron is an essential element for most living organisms on earth, including human beings. An inability to maintain iron homeostasis may lead to death or a disease. In fact, it is estimated that nearly one quarter of population worldwide are suffered from iron deficiency anemia. In contrast, iron overload induces many chronic diseases, including hemochromatosis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, maintenance of iron homeostasis is crucial for human health. To explore the mechanistic network of iron regulators in maintenance of iron homeostasis and staying healthy, we initiated our investigations utilizing knockout mouse models, epidemiology, and meta-analysis. Recently significant findings are listed as followings: 1) By using macrophage Fpn1 deletion mouse models, they provided solid data to support Fpn1 plays important roles in macrophage iron release and in modulating innate immune responses(Blood, 2011);2) Functionally characterized Fpn1 as a major iron exporter in hepatocytes, and further defined hepatocyte Fpn1 as one of the important players in iron mobilization, iron storage, and intestinal iron absorption to maintain systemic iron homeostasis(Hepatology, 2012);3) We observed metalloreductase Steap3 coordinates with Fpn1 to regulate systemic iron homeostasis and inflammatory responses(Haematologica, 2012);4) Defined significant association between TMPRSS6 polymorphisms and decreased iron status, and refined genetic risk factors for iron deficiency and iron-deficiency anemia(Hum Mol Genet, 2012);5) Discovered TMPRSS6 variants, which mediated by plasma ferritin, were significantly associated with lower risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese Hans(Am J Clin Nutr. 2012);6) Our recent meta-analysis provided rigorous statistical evidences for supporting iron homeostasis was changed and might have causal roles in the development of Alzheimer's disease(AD)(Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 2014), cardiovascular diseases(Nutrition, Me
Neural progenitor cells(NPCs)are sequentially specified into neurons and glia during the development of central nervous ***,the molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis...
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Neural progenitor cells(NPCs)are sequentially specified into neurons and glia during the development of central nervous ***,the molecular mechanisms underlying the developmental switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis remains poorly ***
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