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检索条件"任意字段=第十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会"

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Reduction of both NOx and PM emission by using water containing diesel fuels

Reduction of both NOx and PM emission by using water contain...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Yu-Cheng Chang Wen-Jhy Lee Department of Environmental Engineering National Cheng Kung University

Diesel engines are widely employed in both heavy-duty vehicles and generators, due to its high thermal efficiency, high power output and low emissions of regulated pollutants, such as carbon monoxide(CO) and hydrocarbon(HC). However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) has classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans(Group 1), and research has shown that there is a significantly increased risk of mortality from lung cancer with increased exposure to diesel exhaust. Cleaner and more efficient diesel engines have been developed over the past few decades. For example, the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) process was developed to reduce NO x emissions. However, due to the trade-off relationship between NOx and PM, the EGR is not effective for simultaneously removing NOx and PM. Now the focus of pollutant reduction techniques is mainly on cleaner alternative fuels. Numerous studies have investigated the emission and energy performance of diesel engines that are fueled with biodiesel. Their findings show that the related particulate matter(PM), carbon monoxide(CO), total hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) emissions are lower than those of regular diesel. In addition, these fuels improved the engine performance. However, many of these studies also indicated that the use of biodiesel and related diesel blends lead to higher NOx emissions, which are strictly controlled by emissions standards in many countries. Thus, NOx emissions are a critical barrier for the adoption of biodiesel. Alcohol additives, such as ethanol and butanol can reduce NOx formation, while reducing PM and CO emissions and improving energy performance. These types of alcohol could be produced by fermenting biomass feedstocks;however, high water content in the fermentation products make it difficult to use without dehydration. The removal of water during product fermentation will require additional energy and increase production costs. Recen

关键词： water-containing ABE,diesel engine,PM,NOx

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Column-integrated aerosol optical properties over Xi'an,China

Column-integrated aerosol optical properties over Xi'an,Chin...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Xiaoli Su Junji Cao Zhengqiang LI Meijing Lin Gehui Wang Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology SKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Bureau of Meteorology

Column-integrated aerosol optical properties were derived systematically for the first time from the measurements of a ground-based CIMEL sun photometer in Xi'an from May to November, 2012. Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD), Angstrom exponent, water vapor content and inversed aerosol optical and micro-physical properties, including aerosol volume size distribution, complex refractive indices and single scattering albedo(SSA), were analyzed in this study. Evolution of daily AOD at 440 nm(440τ) was compared with that of 24-hr mean concentrations of PM2.5. Statistics of monthly means calculated from quality-assured daily AOD, Angstrom exponent(870440-α) and water vapor content(w C) were presented and discussed. August showed the highest monthly 440τ with the value of 1.13, while the largest monthly 870440-α(1.30) and w C(4.28) appeared both in July. Monthly variations of size distribution were investigated and indicated the domination of coarse mode aerosols in most of the studied months, except July and August, when the contribution of accumulation and coarse mode were fairly comparable. Monthly variability of complex refractive index(including both real and imaginary parts) and single scattering albedo was also studied, along with their wavelength dependence, which implied the variance in aerosol types for different months. Finally, an episode, involving urban and dust aerosols, was analyzed using aerosol retrievals from sun photometer, while MODIS images captured by Aqua satellite and average wind vectors from the NCEP operational global analyses were considered in the case study.

关键词： Aerosol Optical Depth Angstrom Exponent water vapor content,aerosol optical properties,sun photometer

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Water-soluble secondary organic aerosol in Qinghai Lake:implication for sources, formation,and degradation during long-range transport

Water-soluble secondary organic aerosol in Qinghai Lake:impl...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Jingjing Meng Gehui Wang Jianjun Li Chunlei Cheng Junji Cao State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University

PM2.5 aerosol sampling for collection of 24 h samples was carried out every day from Qinghai Lake(3200m a.s.l.), a remote continental site in the northeastern part of Tibetan Plateau from July to August 2010. To better understand the production of water-soluble organic aerosols, the samples were analyzed for water-soluble dicarboxylic acids(C2-C11) and related compounds(ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyals), as well as organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC), water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC), and water-soluble inorganic ions. Distributions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds were characterized by a predominance of oxalic acid(29.3 – 347.6 ng m-3, 148.2 ± 83.9 ng m-3) followed by malonic(9.3 – 77.6 ng m-3, 27.2 ± 15.5 ng m-3) and succinic(3.6 – 29.3 ng m-3, 14.5 ± 8.0 ng m-3) acids. The average contributions of diacids, ketoacids and dicarbonyls to WSOC were 44.1%, 1.3%, and 0.4 %, respectively. They were several times higher than those reported in north-western cities from which air masses were transported to the Qinghai Lake, indicating an importance of photochemical processing of aerosols during a long-range transport. The diacids/WSOC and C9/diacids ratios were higher than those reported previously in different atmosphere aerosols, which may indicate that the local aerosols were chiefly influenced by the biomass burning(herbages and dung) and photochemical oxidations were enhanced because of the stronger solar radiation. This study demonstrated that diacids were primarily produced by the secondary photochemical oxidation of organic pollutants and ω-oxoacids were likely intermediates to the production of dicarboxylic acids.

关键词： Oxalic acid secondary organic aerosols PM 2.5 Qinghai Lake

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Influences of Fireworks Display on Gaseous Ambient Air Pollutants and Titration Effects during the Taiwanese Lantern Festival

Influences of Fireworks Display on Gaseous Ambient Air Pollu...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Chung-Shin Yuan Chang-Gai Lee 台灣中山大學環境工程研究所大仁科技大學觀光事業系

The display of fireworks is a traditional way to celebrate very important Chinese festivals such as New Year and Lantern Festival. This study investigated the influences of firework displays on ambient air quality during the Taiwanese Lantern Festival in Kaohsiung City. Both of the organic(methane, NMHC, THC, benzene and toluene) and inorganic(NO, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) gaseous pollutants were measured to fulfill the investigation. For organic gaseous pollutants, an increasing of THC concentration due to the firework displays was found. The concentration peaks of THC were caused mainly by the obvious increase of NMHC. The concentrations of NMHC were approximately 2.3 times higher than those during the non-firework periods. Moreover, the concentration peak of toluene during the firework periods was approximately 2.2～4.1 times higher than those during the non-firework periods, while benzene remained almost the same level as usual. For the inorganic gaseous pollutants, the concentration peaks of NO, NO2 and CO were observed during the firework displays periods. The concentrations of NO and NO2 was approximately twice and 3 times higher than those during the non-firework periods, respectively. This study further revealed that, even at nighttime, ambient O3 could be reduced dramatically during the firework periods, when as NO2 concentration increased concurrently, due to titration effects resulting from the prompt reaction of NO with O3 to form NO2 and O2. This study revealed that firework displays for celebrating the Taiwanese Lantern Festival contributes significantly high amount of gaseous pollutants to the atmosphere of Kaohsiung City.

关键词： Influences of Fireworks Display on Gaseous Ambient Air Pollutants and Titration Effects during the Taiwanese Lantern Festival

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An Observational Study of the Hygroscopic Properties of Aerosols over the Pearl River Delta Region

An Observational Study of the Hygroscopic Properties of Aero...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Haobo Tan Yan Yin Xuesong Gu Fei Li P.W.Chan Hanbing Xu Xuejiao Deng Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology China Meteorological Administration Key Laboratory for Aerosol-cloud-precipitation of China Meteorological Administration Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology Hong Kong Observatory Experimental Teaching Center Sun Yat-sen University

Hygroscopic growth can significantly affect size distribution and activation of aerosol particles, as well as their effects on human health, atmospheric visibility, and climate. In this study, a H-TDMA(Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer) was utilized to measure hygroscopic growth factor and mixing state of aerosol particles at the CAWNET station in Panyu, Guangzhou, China. A statistical analysis of the results show that, at relative humidity(RH) of 90%, for less-hygroscopic particles of 40-200 nm in diameter, the growth factor(g LH) was around 1.13, while the number fraction(NF LH) varied between 0.41±0.136 and 0.26±0.078;for more-hygroscopic particles, the growth factor(g MH) varied between 1.46 and 1.55 with the average equivalent ammonium sulfate ratio ranging from 0.63 to 0.68. The differences in AS among particle of different sizes reveal that more-hygroscopic inorganic salts, such as ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate, are of more effective condensation growth for Aitken mode particles. A combined analysis of the probability density function of growth factor(Gf-PDF) and simultaneous meteorological data shows that during clean periods with air masses moving from the north, the particles are more likely to have homogeneous chemical composition, while during polluted or pollution accumulation periods, variations in mean number weighted growth factor(g mean)and NF MH become more pronounced, indicating that locally-emitted aerosol particles tend to be in an externally mixed state and contain a certain proportion of less-hygroscopic particles. This study can help improve our understanding of aerosol hygroscopicity and its impact on the atmospheric visibility and environment.

关键词： H-TDMA,aerosol hygroscopicity,urban aerosol,haze,Pearl River Delta

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Shaofei Kong Yaqin Ji Bing Lu Xueyan Zhao Zhipeng Bai Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology College of Environmental Science and Engineering Nankai University Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

PM2.5, PM10 and TSP source profiles for road dust, soil dust and re-suspended dust were established by adopting a re-suspension chamber in a coastal oilfield city-Dongying in 11/2009-4/2010. Thirty-nine elements, nine ions, organic and elemental carbon were analyzed by multiple methods. Results indicated that Ca, Si, OC, Ca2+, Al, Fe and SO42- were the most abundant species for all the three types of dust within the three fractions. OC/TC ratios were highest for dusts in Dongying when compared with literatures which may be related to the large amounts of oil exploited and consumed. Na, Mg and Na+ in soil and road dust from Dongying also exhibited higher mass percentages than others indicating the influence of sea salt as the city was more adjacent to coastal line. Enrichment factors analysis showed that Cd, Ca, Cu, Zn, Ba, Ni, Pb, Cr, Mg and As were enriched and these elements were tended to concentrate in finer fraction. Similarities of the profiles for different size fractions and different types of dust were compared by coefficient of divergence(CD). The profiles for different types of dust were different to each other with the CD values mostly higher than 0.30;while the profiles for different size fractions of each dust were similar to each other with the CD values mostly lower or near to 0.30.

关键词： Source profile,fugitive dust,size-differentiated,particle,oilfield city

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重庆城市灰霾特征与数值模拟研究

重庆城市灰霾特征与数值模拟研究

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者：刘红年吕梦瑶南京大学大气科学学院中国气象局国家气象中心

近年来,随着我国国民经济的迅速发展及城市化进程的加剧,城市空气污染问题越来越突出,尤其是灰霾天气日趋严重。低能见度与灰霾天气已成为当前国内外许多城市面临的重要环境问题。本文利用重庆2007年污染物浓度监测资料及南京大学空气... 详细信息

近年来,随着我国国民经济的迅速发展及城市化进程的加剧,城市空气污染问题越来越突出,尤其是灰霾天气日趋严重。低能见度与灰霾天气已成为当前国内外许多城市面临的重要环境问题。本文利用重庆2007年污染物浓度监测资料及南京大学空气质量预报系统(NJU-CAQPS2.0),对重庆地区的灰霾特征进行了统计分析和数值模拟研究,得出了以下一些主要结论:(1)2007年重庆主城区年平均能见度为5.63km;无论是季节平均还是年平均,每日4个时次的能见度都小于10km,冬季能见度最低,在08、14、20、02四个时次的气象观测记录中,08时能见度最低,14时和20时能见度较高。(2)2007全年,重庆市主城区有162天是灰霾天,占全年的44.4%,其中干霾天气有125天,湿霾天气有37天,分别占总灰霾天数的77.2%和22.8%。春季和冬季发生灰霾的天数最多,冬季湿霾天气发生频率较高。从灰霾污染的等级来看,轻微灰霾发生次数较多,一共有80天,占总灰霾天数的49.4%,重度灰霾发生的次数最少,只有20天,占总灰霾天数的12.3%;春季、夏季和秋季都以轻微灰霾天气为主;冬季灰霾天以重度、中度灰霾天气为主。重度灰霾和中度灰霾多由湿霾天气造成,而轻度灰霾和轻微灰霾多由干霾天气引起。(3)数值模拟结果显示,夜间02:00至清晨08:00左右出现贴地逆温,与重污染出现的时间基本一致。各个时次的BC、POC、PM10、PM2.5和能见度的水平分布与排放源及气象条件密切相关,08时左右的污染物浓度最高。各污染物的日平均浓度具有显著的空间分布特征,与排放源的位置关系密切,污染源排放较大的区域相应污染物浓度值也较高;各污染物的浓度值均是城区高于郊区,而能见度城区低于郊区。(4)颗粒物对消光系数的贡献率超过80%,春夏两季,有机物和黑碳气溶胶是能见度下降的最重要的贡献者,春季二者所占比例可达45.8%(城区)和59.3%(郊区),夏季二者所占比例可达51.8%(城区)和64.5%(郊区);秋季,城区硫酸盐(21.3%)、硝酸盐(16%)、有机物(27.1%)、黑碳(16.2%)所占比例大致相同,是能见度下降的最重要贡献者,但是在郊区硫酸盐(24.8%)和硝酸盐(41.4%)的贡献率最高,二者之和超过了65%。各成分对消光系数的贡献率受源排放和相对湿度等气象条件的影响。

关键词：灰霾能见度重庆南京大学城市空气质量模式

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砣矶岛国家大气背景站PM2.5化学组成及来源分析

砣矶岛国家大气背景站PM2.5化学组成及来源分析

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者：张帆王晓平陈颖军田崇国王艳中国科学院烟台海岸带研究所中国科学院广州地球化学研究所

为了更加准确地反映我国区域大尺度的环境空气质量状况,掌握我国环境空气污染物的区域输送情况,国家环境监测总站在山东省长岛县砣矶岛设立国家大气背景监测站山东长岛站,此站点是全国建设的14个背景站中唯一的示范站。砣矶岛站位于胶... 详细信息

为了更加准确地反映我国区域大尺度的环境空气质量状况,掌握我国环境空气污染物的区域输送情况,国家环境监测总站在山东省长岛县砣矶岛设立国家大气背景监测站山东长岛站,此站点是全国建设的14个背景站中唯一的示范站。砣矶岛站位于胶东、辽东半岛之间,黄、渤海交界处,东与韩国、日本隔海相望,且受长距离传输影响显著,PM2.5来源及组分复杂,对研究东南亚地区污染物迁徙规律具有重要作用。从2011年11月份开始在砣矶岛站点进行PM2.5大流量滤膜连续采样工作,本研究选取了2011年12月至2012年12月期间共72个样品进行质量浓度及OC、EC、无机元素、水溶性离子等化学成分分析,以期获得砣矶岛背景点PM2.5的化学组成特点,并进一步探究该站点PM2.5的来源。研究结果显示:(1)砣矶岛PM2.5年均质量浓度为54.6μg·m-3,相较于北部沿海地区质量浓度偏低,但远高于福建地区背景点浓度,表明砣矶岛PM2.5受周边地区大气传输影响显著;季节浓度变化表现为春季浓度最高(73.6μg·m-3),秋季浓度最低(38.9μg·m-3),夏季与冬季浓度水平相近,不同于北方其他地区冬季PM2.5浓度最高的特点,且月均最高浓度出现在3月份,主要原因是砣矶岛春季受风沙影响较大,而冬季湿沉降作用明显。(2)砣矶岛PM2.5组分主要为有机质、SO42-、NO3-、NH4+以及金属氧化物等,其所占比例随季节不同变化显著,其中,夏季SO42-所占比例最大,冬季有机质所占比例最高,与夏季二次气溶胶的生成和冬季燃煤比重较大相符合;砣矶岛地区PM2.5中NH4+与SO42-的结合形式主要为NH4HSO4;砣矶岛PM2.5中较高的V/Ni比值(1.5)证实了砣矶岛地区受周围船舶排放影响较大。(3)使用PCA/APCS法对砣矶岛PM2.5及20种化学组分质量浓度进行PM2.5源解析,结果表明,对砣矶岛PM2.5来源贡献率最大的为二次气溶胶、煤炭及生物质的燃料燃烧以及包括汽车与船舶等燃油尾气排放等,全年中贡献率之和均在80%左右,海盐也占了较大的比重。(4)总之,受长距离传输的影响,砣矶岛PM2.5及其绝大多数化学组分浓度低于环渤海城市,且传输过程中不同的沉降速率导致了如SO42-与NO3-等较差的相关性;气团反演轨迹亦证明了不同主导风向条件下砣矶岛PM2.5及其化学组分存在差异。即砣矶岛大气背景点的建立为环渤海地区城市污染状况提供了有效的对照,并验证了PM2.5受长距离传输作用影响的显著性。

关键词：砣矶岛 PM2.5 水溶性离子金属元素源解析

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大气细颗粒物对人体健康的影响

大气细颗粒物对人体健康的影响

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者：朱彤北京大学环境科学与工程需要环境与健康研究中心

粒径小于2.5微米的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)对人体健康有显著的危害。目前我国多个城市PM2.5超标严重,引起了社会和公众的广泛关注,已成需要重点控制的大气污染物。尽管大量的流行病学和毒理学研究证实大气污染与心肺系统疾病发病率和死亡... 详细信息

粒径小于2.5微米的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)对人体健康有显著的危害。目前我国多个城市PM2.5超标严重,引起了社会和公众的广泛关注,已成需要重点控制的大气污染物。尽管大量的流行病学和毒理学研究证实大气污染与心肺系统疾病发病率和死亡率增加显著相关,但对于大气颗粒物的理化性质与健康效应之间的关系仍不清楚,其危害机制亟待深入研究。为全面探索污染物对于心血管呼吸系统、机体代谢和免疫等功能的影响,现代流行病学加速了与暴露组学、临床诊治、基因组学等学科的结合,在人群调查中采用生物标志技术追踪污染物的暴露和代谢途径、分析污染物中的关键化学组分对于靶器官及组织的影响及交互作用机制。流行病学研究显示空气污染是呼吸系统和心血管疾病的重要危险因素,但人群研究的直接证据不足。目前主要的假设为空气污染首先诱发呼吸道局部氧化应激和炎症,进而导致全身性炎症和氧化性损伤,促进导致血栓形成、引发上皮细胞损伤、引发心脏自主神经功能和血管功能异常。2008年北京奥运会和残奥会期间实施了大量的空气污染控制措施,奥运会前后大气污染水平发生急剧变化,为检验这些假设提供了难得的的实验契机。北京大学和美国数所大学的研究人员在北京奥运前、中、后五个月密集追踪了125名健康年轻人的系统性炎症和血栓形成等生物性标记物水平的变化。检测的指标包括呼吸道炎症水平(Fe NO)、呼吸道氧化应激素水平(EBC Nitrite Nitrate)、DNA损伤(8-OHd G)、全身炎症(纤维蛋白原、C-反应蛋白CRP、白细胞WBC计数)、血栓形成或内皮功能障碍(可溶性血小板选择蛋白s CD62P、可溶性CD40配基s CD40L、血管假性血友病因子v WF)等有关的生物性标记物,以及心率、血压等。结果显示北京奥运期间空气污染物水平与健康年轻人呼吸道炎症水平、呼吸道氧化应、DNA损伤、血栓形成的生物标志物、心血管生理学指标的急性改变相关。在奥运期间同期进行的患心血管疾病的老年人群追踪观测和小学儿童人群追踪观测。结果显示,大气细颗粒物及气态污染物暴露后数小时内,污染物浓度增加与呼吸系统炎症、交感/副交感神经功能的降低和血压的升高具有显著关联;全身低炎症水平和肥胖可能进一步加剧污染物急性暴露的心血管功能损伤;细颗粒物中的黑碳(Black Carbon)对于呼吸系统炎症和心血管健康的影响最为显著。

关键词：大气细颗粒物呼吸系统呼吸道北京奥运空气污染人体健康

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Impact of meteorological parameters and gaseous pollutants（SO2 and NO2） on PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations during 2010 in Xi'an,China

Impact of meteorological parameters and gaseous pollutants（...

引用

十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Ping Wang JunJi Cao Yongming Han Yu Huang Shuncheng Lee State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

PM2.5 and PM10 mass from quartz-fiber weight were obtained in Xi'an for two weeks of every month corresponding to January, April, July and October during 2010 at upwind district of Gaoling county(GLC), downwind background station of Black river reservoir(BRR) and four urban sites. Annual average PM2.5 and PM10 mass concentrations were 140.9 ± 108.9 μg m-3, 257.8 ± 194.7μg m-3, respectively. Seasonally, high concentrations in wintertime and low ones during summertime were attributed to seasonal variations of meteorological parameters and cycle changes of precursors(SO2 and NO2). Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression(MLR) analysis indicated that relative humidity is the main factor influencing on meteorological parameter. Sulfate of SO2 oxidation products are concentrated in fine mode of PM2.5 and nitrate of NO2 oxidation in coarse mode of PM10. Entry MLR analysis suggested that SO2 and NO2 contributed 48.6% and 33.9%, and 17.5% and 0.7% of the total PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Trajectory cluster results indicated long distance air mass from northwest in winter(82.1%) and in spring(67.9%), and short distance from surrounding provinces in summer(62.5%) and autumn(73.2%). Potential Source Contribution Function(PSCF) analysis showed three day Dust storm(DS) came from Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang and Gobi Desert in Inner Mongolia in spring. Remote sensing retrieval(OMI UV Aerosol Index(AI), OMI tropospheric NO2 column of Aura and Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) of MODIS TERRA) from Giovanni online tools of NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center(GES DISC) were verified results of observation on the ground to some extents.

关键词： Xi'an,PM 2.5 and PM 10,meteorological parameters,gaseous pollutants,MLR,PSCF

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