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Seasonal and day-night variations of chemical species in PM10 over Xi'an,China:Implications of water-soluble organic carbon（WSOC） sources

Seasonal and day-night variations of chemical species in PM1...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Zhenxing Shen Junji Cao Qian Zhang Jianjun Li Suixin Liu Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Key Laboratory of Aerosol SKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences

To investigate the seasonal and day-night variation of PM10 chemical species, daytime and nighttime PM10 mass, water-soluble ions(Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F-, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42-), organic carbon(OC), elemental carbon(EC), and water-soluble carbon(WSOC) were acquired at a urban site of Xi'an from 20 December 2006 to 12 November 2007. No dramatic differences were found in PM10 or chemical species loadings between daytime and nighttime. In general, PM10 concentrations were in excess of 1.5 times to China Ambient Air Quality Standard(CAAQS) for 24-h average PM10(150 μg m-3). Carbonaceous fractions and water-soluble ions accounted for nearly one-third and 12.4% of the PM10 mass. Relative Low NO3-/SO42-ratio suggested that stationary source emissions were more important than the vehicle emissions in the source areas in Xi'an, China. Good correlation between WSOC and OC were observed, which indicated that they might derive from the similar origin, such as primary emission sources or secondary processes. Moreover, a strong relationship between WSOC and K+ was observed in winter, which implies winter WSOC were mainly from biomass burning. This was also highlighted by the chemical components results of biomass burning events. In contrast, poor correlation between WSOC and K+ in summer indicated WSOC was mainly of Secondary organic carbon contribution from strong photochemical activity.

关键词： PM 10,water-soluble ions,WSOC

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Observation and Analysis of Optical Properties of Atmospheric Aerosols in Beijing Urban Area

Observation and Analysis of Optical Properties of Atmospheri...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Jing Junshan Zhang Renjian Che Huizheng Wu Yunfei Xia Xiangao Yan Peng Zhao Deming Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment Research for Temperate East Asia Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry Centre for Atmosphere Watch and ServicesChinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences LAGEO Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Meteorological Observation Center of CMA

One year(from June 2009 to May 2010) measurements of PM2.5, aerosol absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient were analysed at an urban site in Beijing. Annual averages of PM2.5, absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, single scattering albedo, mass absorption efficiency and scattering efficiency were 67.39±66.23 μg m-3, 63.73±62.06 Mm-1 and 360.45±404.96 Mm-1, 0.82, 0.78 m2 g-1 and 5.55 m2 g-1, respectively. With maximum during the night and minimum in the afternoon, absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient showed the same diurnal characteristics while SSA displayed contrary tendency. Wind reduced the impact of the aerosol optical properties on atmospheric visibility, but sometimes airflow derived from the southeast of Beijing could cause absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient increase in the summer and autumn. It was the accumulation of pollutants that resulting in the rise of absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient and the visibility deterioration in summer, autumn and winter while in spring, the airflows from the dust sources elevated the particulate concentrations several times, but had limited effect on absorption coefficient and scattering coefficient. The frequencies of haze in autumn was higher than other seasons and visibility exponentially decayed with increasing PM2.5concentration, which should be controlled lower than 64 μg m-3 to preserve the visibility more than 10 km.

关键词： Aerosol absorption coefficient,Aerosol scattering coefficient,Haze

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Ambient Ammonia and Ammonium Observed at a Remote Mountain Site in Western China

Ambient Ammonia and Ammonium Observed at a Remote Mountain S...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Zhaoyang Meng Xiaofang Jia Jianzhong Ma Jian Qiong Wang Xiaolan Yu YiAn Jiang Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA Institute of Atmospheric CompositionChinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences CMA Meteorological Observation Centre Qinghai Province Meteorological Bureaus Department of Logistic Service Ministry of Railways of China

Ammonia is a very reactive gas and plays a major role in the neutralization of atmospheric sulfuric and nitric acid to form ammonium salts, thereby affecting the acidity of cloud water and aerosols.1-4Some studies show that the spatial variability of the NH3 concentration was large in China, with higher levels in North, Southwest and East China.5-6 The measurements of NH3 and PM2.5, particularly those from the background sites, are highly needed but have been scarcely reported. It is important to create databases suitable for the proper validation of models used to predict global or regional distributions of ammonia and ammonium aerosol, and their present and future influences on climate, human health, and ecosystems. The data of NH3 and PM2.5 may also be useful in the validation of satellite measurements. With an average altitude of over 4000 m, the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau is the highest landmass on Earth, and plays a key role in atmospheric circulation. The atmosphere lying over the Plateau is probably the least affected by human activities in the Asian continent because of the sparse population and minimal industrial activities in western China. 7 In this paper, we present the measurements of NH3, SO2, NO2 and PM2.5 at a site in the northeastern edge of Plateau during 2009-2011 in order to better understand the sources of ammonia and ammonium aerosol over the remote highlands of western *** levels and variations of these species are reported and the relative contributions of NH3 to NH x deposition are also investigated.

关键词： Ammonia,ammonium,a remote mountain site in China

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Reduction of both NOx and PM emission by using water containing diesel fuels

Reduction of both NOx and PM emission by using water contain...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Yu-Cheng Chang Wen-Jhy Lee Department of Environmental Engineering National Cheng Kung University

Diesel engines are widely employed in both heavy-duty vehicles and generators, due to its high thermal efficiency, high power output and low emissions of regulated pollutants, such as carbon monoxide(CO) and hydrocarbon(HC). However, the International Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) has classified diesel engine exhaust as carcinogenic to humans(Group 1), and research has shown that there is a significantly increased risk of mortality from lung cancer with increased exposure to diesel exhaust. Cleaner and more efficient diesel engines have been developed over the past few decades. For example, the exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) process was developed to reduce NO x emissions. However, due to the trade-off relationship between NOx and PM, the EGR is not effective for simultaneously removing NOx and PM. Now the focus of pollutant reduction techniques is mainly on cleaner alternative fuels. Numerous studies have investigated the emission and energy performance of diesel engines that are fueled with biodiesel. Their findings show that the related particulate matter(PM), carbon monoxide(CO), total hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) emissions are lower than those of regular diesel. In addition, these fuels improved the engine performance. However, many of these studies also indicated that the use of biodiesel and related diesel blends lead to higher NOx emissions, which are strictly controlled by emissions standards in many countries. Thus, NOx emissions are a critical barrier for the adoption of biodiesel. Alcohol additives, such as ethanol and butanol can reduce NOx formation, while reducing PM and CO emissions and improving energy performance. These types of alcohol could be produced by fermenting biomass feedstocks;however, high water content in the fermentation products make it difficult to use without dehydration. The removal of water during product fermentation will require additional energy and increase production costs. Recen

关键词： water-containing ABE,diesel engine,PM,NOx

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重庆城市灰霾特征与数值模拟研究

重庆城市灰霾特征与数值模拟研究

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者：刘红年吕梦瑶南京大学大气科学学院中国气象局国家气象中心

近年来,随着我国国民经济的迅速发展及城市化进程的加剧,城市空气污染问题越来越突出,尤其是灰霾天气日趋严重。低能见度与灰霾天气已成为当前国内外许多城市面临的重要环境问题。本文利用重庆2007年污染物浓度监测资料及南京大学空气... 详细信息

近年来,随着我国国民经济的迅速发展及城市化进程的加剧,城市空气污染问题越来越突出,尤其是灰霾天气日趋严重。低能见度与灰霾天气已成为当前国内外许多城市面临的重要环境问题。本文利用重庆2007年污染物浓度监测资料及南京大学空气质量预报系统(NJU-CAQPS2.0),对重庆地区的灰霾特征进行了统计分析和数值模拟研究,得出了以下一些主要结论:(1)2007年重庆主城区年平均能见度为5.63km;无论是季节平均还是年平均,每日4个时次的能见度都小于10km,冬季能见度最低,在08、14、20、02四个时次的气象观测记录中,08时能见度最低,14时和20时能见度较高。(2)2007全年,重庆市主城区有162天是灰霾天,占全年的44.4%,其中干霾天气有125天,湿霾天气有37天,分别占总灰霾天数的77.2%和22.8%。春季和冬季发生灰霾的天数最多,冬季湿霾天气发生频率较高。从灰霾污染的等级来看,轻微灰霾发生次数较多,一共有80天,占总灰霾天数的49.4%,重度灰霾发生的次数最少,只有20天,占总灰霾天数的12.3%;春季、夏季和秋季都以轻微灰霾天气为主;冬季灰霾天以重度、中度灰霾天气为主。重度灰霾和中度灰霾多由湿霾天气造成,而轻度灰霾和轻微灰霾多由干霾天气引起。(3)数值模拟结果显示,夜间02:00至清晨08:00左右出现贴地逆温,与重污染出现的时间基本一致。各个时次的BC、POC、PM10、PM2.5和能见度的水平分布与排放源及气象条件密切相关,08时左右的污染物浓度最高。各污染物的日平均浓度具有显著的空间分布特征,与排放源的位置关系密切,污染源排放较大的区域相应污染物浓度值也较高;各污染物的浓度值均是城区高于郊区,而能见度城区低于郊区。(4)颗粒物对消光系数的贡献率超过80%,春夏两季,有机物和黑碳气溶胶是能见度下降的最重要的贡献者,春季二者所占比例可达45.8%(城区)和59.3%(郊区),夏季二者所占比例可达51.8%(城区)和64.5%(郊区);秋季,城区硫酸盐(21.3%)、硝酸盐(16%)、有机物(27.1%)、黑碳(16.2%)所占比例大致相同,是能见度下降的最重要贡献者,但是在郊区硫酸盐(24.8%)和硝酸盐(41.4%)的贡献率最高,二者之和超过了65%。各成分对消光系数的贡献率受源排放和相对湿度等气象条件的影响。

关键词：灰霾能见度重庆南京大学城市空气质量模式

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Column-integrated aerosol optical properties over Xi'an,China

Column-integrated aerosol optical properties over Xi'an,Chin...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Xiaoli Su Junji Cao Zhengqiang LI Meijing Lin Gehui Wang Key Laboratory of Aerosol Science & Technology SKLLQGInstitute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of Sciences Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong University Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences Zhongshan Bureau of Meteorology

Column-integrated aerosol optical properties were derived systematically for the first time from the measurements of a ground-based CIMEL sun photometer in Xi'an from May to November, 2012. Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD), Angstrom exponent, water vapor content and inversed aerosol optical and micro-physical properties, including aerosol volume size distribution, complex refractive indices and single scattering albedo(SSA), were analyzed in this study. Evolution of daily AOD at 440 nm(440τ) was compared with that of 24-hr mean concentrations of PM2.5. Statistics of monthly means calculated from quality-assured daily AOD, Angstrom exponent(870440-α) and water vapor content(w C) were presented and discussed. August showed the highest monthly 440τ with the value of 1.13, while the largest monthly 870440-α(1.30) and w C(4.28) appeared both in July. Monthly variations of size distribution were investigated and indicated the domination of coarse mode aerosols in most of the studied months, except July and August, when the contribution of accumulation and coarse mode were fairly comparable. Monthly variability of complex refractive index(including both real and imaginary parts) and single scattering albedo was also studied, along with their wavelength dependence, which implied the variance in aerosol types for different months. Finally, an episode, involving urban and dust aerosols, was analyzed using aerosol retrievals from sun photometer, while MODIS images captured by Aqua satellite and average wind vectors from the NCEP operational global analyses were considered in the case study.

关键词： Aerosol Optical Depth Angstrom Exponent water vapor content,aerosol optical properties,sun photometer

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Influences of Fireworks Display on Gaseous Ambient Air Pollutants and Titration Effects during the Taiwanese Lantern Festival

Influences of Fireworks Display on Gaseous Ambient Air Pollu...

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Chung-Shin Yuan Chang-Gai Lee 台灣中山大學環境工程研究所大仁科技大學觀光事業系

The display of fireworks is a traditional way to celebrate very important Chinese festivals such as New Year and Lantern Festival. This study investigated the influences of firework displays on ambient air quality during the Taiwanese Lantern Festival in Kaohsiung City. Both of the organic(methane, NMHC, THC, benzene and toluene) and inorganic(NO, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) gaseous pollutants were measured to fulfill the investigation. For organic gaseous pollutants, an increasing of THC concentration due to the firework displays was found. The concentration peaks of THC were caused mainly by the obvious increase of NMHC. The concentrations of NMHC were approximately 2.3 times higher than those during the non-firework periods. Moreover, the concentration peak of toluene during the firework periods was approximately 2.2～4.1 times higher than those during the non-firework periods, while benzene remained almost the same level as usual. For the inorganic gaseous pollutants, the concentration peaks of NO, NO2 and CO were observed during the firework displays periods. The concentrations of NO and NO2 was approximately twice and 3 times higher than those during the non-firework periods, respectively. This study further revealed that, even at nighttime, ambient O3 could be reduced dramatically during the firework periods, when as NO2 concentration increased concurrently, due to titration effects resulting from the prompt reaction of NO with O3 to form NO2 and O2. This study revealed that firework displays for celebrating the Taiwanese Lantern Festival contributes significantly high amount of gaseous pollutants to the atmosphere of Kaohsiung City.

关键词： Influences of Fireworks Display on Gaseous Ambient Air Pollutants and Titration Effects during the Taiwanese Lantern Festival

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者： Shaofei Kong Yaqin Ji Bing Lu Xueyan Zhao Zhipeng Bai Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology College of Environmental Science and Engineering Nankai University Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences

PM2.5, PM10 and TSP source profiles for road dust, soil dust and re-suspended dust were established by adopting a re-suspension chamber in a coastal oilfield city-Dongying in 11/2009-4/2010. Thirty-nine elements, nine ions, organic and elemental carbon were analyzed by multiple methods. Results indicated that Ca, Si, OC, Ca2+, Al, Fe and SO42- were the most abundant species for all the three types of dust within the three fractions. OC/TC ratios were highest for dusts in Dongying when compared with literatures which may be related to the large amounts of oil exploited and consumed. Na, Mg and Na+ in soil and road dust from Dongying also exhibited higher mass percentages than others indicating the influence of sea salt as the city was more adjacent to coastal line. Enrichment factors analysis showed that Cd, Ca, Cu, Zn, Ba, Ni, Pb, Cr, Mg and As were enriched and these elements were tended to concentrate in finer fraction. Similarities of the profiles for different size fractions and different types of dust were compared by coefficient of divergence(CD). The profiles for different types of dust were different to each other with the CD values mostly higher than 0.30;while the profiles for different size fractions of each dust were similar to each other with the CD values mostly lower or near to 0.30.

关键词： Source profile,fugitive dust,size-differentiated,particle,oilfield city

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大气细颗粒物对人体健康的影响

大气细颗粒物对人体健康的影响

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十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者：朱彤北京大学环境科学与工程需要环境与健康研究中心

粒径小于2.5微米的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)对人体健康有显著的危害。目前我国多个城市PM2.5超标严重,引起了社会和公众的广泛关注,已成需要重点控制的大气污染物。尽管大量的流行病学和毒理学研究证实大气污染与心肺系统疾病发病率和死亡... 详细信息

粒径小于2.5微米的大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)对人体健康有显著的危害。目前我国多个城市PM2.5超标严重,引起了社会和公众的广泛关注,已成需要重点控制的大气污染物。尽管大量的流行病学和毒理学研究证实大气污染与心肺系统疾病发病率和死亡率增加显著相关,但对于大气颗粒物的理化性质与健康效应之间的关系仍不清楚,其危害机制亟待深入研究。为全面探索污染物对于心血管呼吸系统、机体代谢和免疫等功能的影响,现代流行病学加速了与暴露组学、临床诊治、基因组学等学科的结合,在人群调查中采用生物标志技术追踪污染物的暴露和代谢途径、分析污染物中的关键化学组分对于靶器官及组织的影响及交互作用机制。流行病学研究显示空气污染是呼吸系统和心血管疾病的重要危险因素,但人群研究的直接证据不足。目前主要的假设为空气污染首先诱发呼吸道局部氧化应激和炎症,进而导致全身性炎症和氧化性损伤,促进导致血栓形成、引发上皮细胞损伤、引发心脏自主神经功能和血管功能异常。2008年北京奥运会和残奥会期间实施了大量的空气污染控制措施,奥运会前后大气污染水平发生急剧变化,为检验这些假设提供了难得的的实验契机。北京大学和美国数所大学的研究人员在北京奥运前、中、后五个月密集追踪了125名健康年轻人的系统性炎症和血栓形成等生物性标记物水平的变化。检测的指标包括呼吸道炎症水平(Fe NO)、呼吸道氧化应激素水平(EBC Nitrite Nitrate)、DNA损伤(8-OHd G)、全身炎症(纤维蛋白原、C-反应蛋白CRP、白细胞WBC计数)、血栓形成或内皮功能障碍(可溶性血小板选择蛋白s CD62P、可溶性CD40配基s CD40L、血管假性血友病因子v WF)等有关的生物性标记物,以及心率、血压等。结果显示北京奥运期间空气污染物水平与健康年轻人呼吸道炎症水平、呼吸道氧化应、DNA损伤、血栓形成的生物标志物、心血管生理学指标的急性改变相关。在奥运期间同期进行的患心血管疾病的老年人群追踪观测和小学儿童人群追踪观测。结果显示,大气细颗粒物及气态污染物暴露后数小时内,污染物浓度增加与呼吸系统炎症、交感/副交感神经功能的降低和血压的升高具有显著关联;全身低炎症水平和肥胖可能进一步加剧污染物急性暴露的心血管功能损伤;细颗粒物中的黑碳(Black Carbon)对于呼吸系统炎症和心血管健康的影响最为显著。

关键词：大气细颗粒物呼吸系统呼吸道北京奥运空气污染人体健康

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台灣柴油車NOx排放管制成效探討

台灣柴油車NOx排放管制成效探討

引用

十一届全国气溶胶会议暨第十届海峡两岸气溶胶技术研讨会

作者：吳容輝林文淵顏瑞瑩許仲景莊志偉盧昭暉林建良嘉義縣環境保護局華門工程顧問股份有限公司國立中興大學機械工程研究所

本文主要目的是探討臺灣柴油車的NOx排放,以瞭解使用中車輛的排放情形。其中新車排放情況以環保署的柴油車審驗資料為主,使用中車輛排放情況是以嘉義縣環境保護局在2004～2011年所執行的測試資料為主,分別探討新車排放、全負載不同轉速... 详细信息

本文主要目的是探討臺灣柴油車的NOx排放,以瞭解使用中車輛的排放情形。其中新車排放情況以環保署的柴油車審驗資料為主,使用中車輛排放情況是以嘉義縣環境保護局在2004～2011年所執行的測試資料為主,分別探討新車排放、全負載不同轉速、不同排氣量與不同管制期程對NOx排放之影響。本文發現三期重型柴油車的NOx與PM都相當集中,接近排放標準。NOx的新車審驗值都集中在3～5 g/bhp-hr的區域內,平均值為3.74 g/bhp-hr,而PM的分佈則集中在0.06～0.1 g/bhp-hr的區域內,平均值為0.09 g/bhp-hr。使用中柴油車的NOx濃度分佈類似γ分佈。全負載100%轉速時與全負載60%轉速的NOx濃度分佈較集中,而全負載40%轉速的NOx濃度分佈則較分散。排氣量3000cc以下柴油車的NOx排放濃度約500ppm,隨著測試轉速降低而上升;3000cc以上柴油車的NOx排放濃度約700～1150ppm,隨著排氣量增加而上升,也會隨著測試轉速降低而升高。自從全面實施第四期柴油車輛排放標準,2007年以後的NOx平均排放濃度有明顯的降低趨勢。全負載100%轉速下的NOx平均排放濃度,從2004年至2011年減少了44%,顯示加嚴排放法規,控制NOx污染排放有明顯的效果。平均NOx排放濃度以40%轉速最高,為844ppm,其次為60%轉速,為768ppm,而100%轉速的NOx排放濃度最低,為643ppm。在全負載各轉速下的平均NO X濃度以一期車排放最高。在全負載40%轉速與60%轉速下的三期車排放有稍微比二期車還多,四期車所量測的排放濃度為最低。在全負載100%轉速下的NOx排放濃度隨著排氣法規所制定期程越嚴格而降低。若考慮單位輸出功的排放量(g/bhp-hr)時,平均NOx排放量以40%轉速最高,為9.03 g/bhp-hr,其次為100%轉速,而60%轉速的NOx排放量最低。各轉速下的平均NOx排放量,皆高於各期程所規範的排放標準。在全負載各轉速下的NO X排放量,有隨著所制定期程越嚴格而降低。二期使用中車輛在全負載各轉速下的平均NO X排放量都已超過新車法規標準;三期與四期之使用中車輛在60%與100%轉速下都非常接近新車法規標準,而在40%轉速時,NOx排放量超過新車法規標準。

关键词：柴油車 NOX 汙染排放

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