Urea amidolyase(UA),widely distributed in fungi and bacteria,is essential for catalyzing the conversion of urea to ammonium,making the final product as the main nitrogen source in these *** comprises both the urea car...
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Urea amidolyase(UA),widely distributed in fungi and bacteria,is essential for catalyzing the conversion of urea to ammonium,making the final product as the main nitrogen source in these *** comprises both the urea carboxylase(UC)and allophanate hydrolase(AH)*** two functional domains locate at the C-
<正>Electron tomography(ET)is to generate three-dimensional(3D)representations of biological structures,with a nanometer resolution.3D reconstructions of the samples are derived from a tilt-series acquired at di...
<正>Electron tomography(ET)is to generate three-dimensional(3D)representations of biological structures,with a nanometer resolution.3D reconstructions of the samples are derived from a tilt-series acquired at different tilting angles by means of a 2D alignment and 3D reconstruction ***,the missing wedge problem
<正>Cryo-electron tomography(ET)plays an important role in revealing biological structures,ranging from macromolecule scale to subcellular *** acquiring series of pictures with different angular assignment,one per...
<正>Cryo-electron tomography(ET)plays an important role in revealing biological structures,ranging from macromolecule scale to subcellular *** acquiring series of pictures with different angular assignment,one performs an inverse radon transform and gets the 3D structure of biological ***,since high angle
<正>The influenza virus genome is transcribed and replicated by the heterotrimeric RNAdependent RNA polymerase(RdRP),which compriseses subunits PA,PB1 and *** extensively studied,the underlying mechanism of the Rd...
<正>The influenza virus genome is transcribed and replicated by the heterotrimeric RNAdependent RNA polymerase(RdRP),which compriseses subunits PA,PB1 and *** extensively studied,the underlying mechanism of the RdRP complex is still unclear,largely owing to the lack of atomic resolution structural information on
The highly specific spread of alpha-herpes virus in nervous system has been widely used in tracing neuronal connections and ***,the exact process and mechanism through which the virus assembles in the neuron and sprea...
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The highly specific spread of alpha-herpes virus in nervous system has been widely used in tracing neuronal connections and ***,the exact process and mechanism through which the virus assembles in the neuron and spreads to the nearby synaptically connected cells remain elusive.
<正>Immune receptors play important roles in recognizing and presenting self-and non-self antigens in immune *** mannose receptor family members are largely expressed on the surface of immune cells such as macrophag...
<正>Immune receptors play important roles in recognizing and presenting self-and non-self antigens in immune *** mannose receptor family members are largely expressed on the surface of immune cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells,and involved in regulating immune responses against various ***
<正>The human immunodeficiency virus 1(HIV-1)mature capsid protein(CA)contains two structural domains that are connected by a flexible linker and assembles into a distinct cone shaped capsid that encloses the vi...
<正>The human immunodeficiency virus 1(HIV-1)mature capsid protein(CA)contains two structural domains that are connected by a flexible linker and assembles into a distinct cone shaped capsid that encloses the viral *** mature HIV-1 capsid plays a major role in
Alzheimer’s disease, characterized by formation of-amyloid plaque in patient brain, is closely associated with-secretase. Amyloid precursor protein(APP) is processed by-and-secretases in the extracellular space to ...
Alzheimer’s disease, characterized by formation of-amyloid plaque in patient brain, is closely associated with-secretase. Amyloid precursor protein(APP) is processed by-and-secretases in the extracellular space to produce a series of-amyloid peptides(A) exemplified by A 42 and A 40. Among all A s, A 42 is particularly prone to aggregation, resulting in formation of-amyloid plaque. The human-secretase is a membrane-embedded protease complex that comprises four components presenilin 1(PS1), Pen-2, Aph-1, and nicastrin. We previously determined two cryo-EM structures of human-secretase at 4.5 and 4.3 ? resolution. The first cryo-EM structure, determined in the presence of amphipols, allowed visualization of the intact human-secretase for the first time, with identification of 19 transmembrane segments(TMs) and a protease-like extracellular domain(ECD) from nicastrin [Lu et al, Nature 512, 166-170(2014)]. But the resolution range of EM densities in the transmembrane region was too low(5-7 ?) to allow assignment of specific TMs to the four components. A subsequent crystal structure of eukaryotic nicastrin allowed improvement of the human nicastrin model and suggested an arrangement of the 19 TMs [Xie et al, PNAS 111, 13349-13354(2014)]. The second cryo-EM structure, with a resolution range of 4-5 ? in the transmembrane region, confirmed this arrangement by conclusively assigning all 20 TMs to the four components and revealed presence of one additional TM [Sun et al, PNAS, published online(2015)]. Importantly, the second cryo-EM structure of human-secretase was solved in the detergent digitonin, thus eliminating the concern that the first structure might represent an artifact in harsh conditions. In this presentation, I will describe the first atomic structure of human-secretase at 3.4 ? resolution. This structure allows visualization of atomic details of all four components of human-secretase for the first time and reveals important functional insights.
Ryanodine receptors(RyRs) mediate rapid release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum and play a pivotal role in the excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal and cardiac muscles. RyRs represent th...
Ryanodine receptors(RyRs) mediate rapid release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum and play a pivotal role in the excitation-contraction coupling of skeletal and cardiac muscles. RyRs represent the largest known ion channels and are homotetramers, with each subunit comprising approximately five thousand residues. We determined the structure of the full-length rabbit RyR1 in complex with the modulator FKBP12 at an overall resolution of 3.8 ?, using single particle electron cryomicroscopy. Near-atomic resolution is achieved at the channel domain and its adjoining domains in the cytoplasmic region and resolves 70 percent of the 2.2 million Dalton molecular mass of Ry R1. The carboxyl terminal fragment(residues 4545-5037) exhibits the voltage-gated ion channel(VGIC) superfamily fold. An outer site formed by the side chains of Asp4899/Glu4900 and an inner site surrounded by carbonyl oxygen atoms may serve as the Ca binding sites along the selectivity filter(SF) vestibule. A highly electronegative hairpin loop connecting S5 and the pore helix is positioned above the entrance to the SF vestibule. The four elongated S6 segments form a right-handed helical bundle that closes the ion-conducting pore at the cytoplasmic border of the membrane. The cytoplasmic vestibule of the pore is enriched with Glu and Asp residues, which likely modulate ion conductance. The S6 segment is followed by a carboxyl-terminal domain(CTD) which contains a previously uncharacterized zinc finger motif. The sequences between S2 and S3 segments fold into a cytoplasmic domain which we name the VSC domain. In addition to the channel domain, structural models were built for three previously uncharacterized major domains: the Central domain, the Handle domain, and the Helical domain. These three domains, all displaying the armadillo repeat fold, together with the amino-terminal domain, constitute a network of superhelical scaffold at the cytoplasmic side. Allosteric regulation of the p
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