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distributed and Managed: Research Challenges and Opportunities of the Next Generation Cyber-Physical Systems

Distributed and Managed: Research Challenges and Opportuniti...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Gabor Karsai Daniel Balasubramanian Abhishek Dubey William R. Otte Institute for Software-Integrated Systems Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USA

Cyber-physical systems increasingly rely on distributed computing platforms where sensing, computing, actuation, and communication resources are shared by a multitude of applications. Such 'cyber-physical cloud computing platforms' present novel challenges because the system is built from mobile embedded devices, is inherently distributed, and typically suffers from highly fluctuating connectivity among the modules. Architecting software for these systems raises many challenges not present in traditional cloud computing. Effective management of constrained resources and application isolation without adversely affecting performance are necessary. Autonomous fault management and real-time performance requirements must be met in a verifiable manner. It is also both critical and challenging to support multiple end-users whose diverse software applications have changing demands for computational and communication resources, while operating on different levels and in separate domains of security. the solution presented in this paper is based on a layered architecture consisting of a novel operating system, a middleware layer, and component-structured applications. the component model facilitates the construction of software applications from modular and reusable components that are deployed in the distributed system and interact only through well-defined mechanisms. the complexity of creating applications and performing system integration is mitigated through the use of a domain-specific model-driven development process that relies on a domain-specific modeling language and its accompanying graphical modeling tools, software generators for synthesizing infrastructure code, and the extensive use of model-based analysis for verification and validation.

关键词： Kernel Unified modeling language Security real-time systems Computational modeling Computer architecture

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It's about time: Leveraging Clock Synchronization for distributed real-time Programming

It's about Time: Leveraging Clock Synchronization for Distri...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Edward A. Lee University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA

Cyber-physical systems are integrations of computation, communication networks, and physical dynamics. Although time plays a central role in the physical world, all widely used software abstractions lack temporal semantics. the notion of correct execution of a program written in every widely-used programming language today does not depend on the temporal behavior of the program. But temporal behavior matters in almost all systems. Even in systems with no particular real-time requirements, timing of programs is relevant to the value delivered by programs, and in the case of concurrent programs, also affects the functionality. In cyber-physical systems, temporal behavior affects not just the value delivered by a system but also its correctness. In this talk, I will argue that time can and must become part of the semantics of programs for a large class of applications. To illustrate that this is both practical and useful, we will describe two recent efforts at Berkeley in the design and implementation of timing-centric software systems. On the implementation side, I will describe PRET machines, which redefine the instruction-set architecture (ISA) of a microprocessor to include temporal semantics. On the design side, I will briefly describe PTIDES, a programming model for distributed real-time systems. PTIDES leverages clock synchronization to deliver a deterministic model of computation for distributed real-time systems.

关键词： real-time systems Programming Educational institutions Semantics Graphics processing units Computational modeling Laboratories

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A model driven engineering approach based on aspects for high speed scientific X-rays cameras

A model driven engineering approach based on aspects for hig...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Dionisio Doering Carlos Eduardo Pereira Peter Denes John Joseph Electrical Engineering Department UFRGS Porto Brazil Engineering Division Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley USA

High-speed scientific cameras have been demanding more from their control systems as the number of pixels, and number of frame increases and therefore the required total bandwidth. One way to cope with this demand is to perform realtime image processing. the challenge on that is the fact that each experiment requires a different processing algorithms and one needs to reconfigure it frequently. An example of this system is the LBNL high-speed cameras based on FPGAs used on X-rays and electron microscopy experiments. these camera systems can benefit from modern design methodologies that explore higher abstraction level modeling, which includes both functional and non-functional requirements specification and that take advantage of techniques such as object-oriented and aspect-oriented methodologies. this paper introduces HIPAO, a Hardware Image Processing system based on model driven engineering and Aspect-oriented modeling. Some examples are shown for each step of the methodology that goes from requirements modeling to automatic code generation.

关键词： object oriented modeling Cameras Unified modeling language Computational modeling Mathematical model Registers

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Managing Variable and Cooperative time Behavior

Managing Variable and Cooperative Time Behavior

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ieee international symposium on object/component/Service-oriented real-time distributed computing Workshops (ISORCW)

作者： Kirstie L. Bellman Christopher Landauer Phyllis R. Nelson Topcy House Consulting Thousand Oaks CA USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Department California Polytechnic State University Pomona CA USA

this paper is about the requirements and architectural considerations that provide a SORT system with processes for observing, modeling, simulating, predicting, deciding, and acting in an external environment. For our purposes, "real time'' (RT) means coordinated with an external source of time or with sequences of events over which the system has no direct control. It is this unpredictability in the timing of responses that is the hardest constraint on a real-time system design, especially when it is known a priori that the system cannot keep up with all important events, and that "as fast as possible'' is not appropriate for some external interactions. We will describe a testbed that we are developing as a student team project at California State Polytechnic University, Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona) to experiment with SORT strategies, and a set of games that we will use to benchmark performance. then we will describe some useful technical background from several areas: reasoning and representation processes, situation theory, levels of meaningfulness in knowledge, and activity loops. Finally, we show how these concepts apply to SORT agent knowledge and coordination. Our contribution here is to outline a set of problems (in the form of cooperative games) that we hope others in the community will adopt as one method for benchmarking models, methods, strategies, and other processes used in SORT systems.

关键词： real time systems Predictive models Context modeling distributed computing USA Councils Timing Monitoring System testing Conferences Environmental management

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Does Code Generation Promote or Prevent Optimizations?

Does Code Generation Promote or Prevent Optimizations?

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Asma Charfi Chokri Mraidha Sébastien Gérard François Terrier Pierre Boulet CEA Laboratory of model driven engineering for embedded systems Gif-Sur-Yvette France CEA Laboratory of model driven engineering for embedded systems France Universite Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies Cite scientifique Villeneuve d'Ascq France

this paper addresses the problem of code optimization for real-time and Embedded Systems (RTES). Such systems are designed using Model-Based Development (MBD)approach that consists of performing three major steps: building models, generating code from them and compiling the generated code. Actually, during the code generation, an important part of the modeling language semantics which could be useful for optimization is lost, thus, making impossible some optimizations achievement. this paper shows how adding a new level of optimization at the model level results in a more compact code. It also discusses the impact of the code generation on optimization: whether this step promotes or prevents optimizations. We conclude on a proposal of a new MBD approach containing only steps that advance optimization: modeling and compiling steps.

关键词： Optimizing compilers Unified modeling language Embedded system real time systems Buildings distributed computing Laboratories Model driven engineering Proposals Information analysis

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Optimizing general-purpose software instrumentation middleware performance for distributed real-time and embedded systems

Optimizing general-purpose software instrumentation middlewa...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Dennis C. Feiock James H. Hill Department of Computer and Information Science Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis IN USA

Software instrumentation is an important aspect of software-intensive distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems because it enables real-time feedback of system properties, such as resource usage and component state, for performance analysis. Although it is critical not to collect too much instrumentation data to ensure minimal impact on the DRE system's existing performance properties, the design and implementation of software instrumentation middleware can impact how much instrumentation data can be collected. this can indirectly impact the DRE system's existing properties and performance analysis, and is more of a concern when using general-purpose software instrumentation middleware for DRE systems. this paper provides two contributions to instrumenting software-intensive DRE systems. First, it presents two techniques named the Standard Flat-rate Envelope and Pay-per-use for improving the performance of software instrumentation middleware for DRE systems. Secondly, it quantitatively evaluates performance gains realized by the two techniques in the context the Open-source Architecture for Software Instrumentation of Systems (OASIS), which is open-source dynamic instrumentation middleware for DRE systems. Our results show that the Standard Flat-rate Envelope improves performance up to 57% and the Pay-per-use improves performance up to 49%.

关键词： Standards Middleware Data models Probes Abstracts

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Escaping the Bonds of the Legacy: Step-Wise Migration to a Type-Safe Language in Safety-Critical Embedded Systems

Escaping the Bonds of the Legacy: Step-Wise Migration to a T...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Michael Stilkerich Jens Schedel Peter Ulbrich Wolfgang Schröder-Preikschat Daniel Lohmann Department of Computer Science 4-Distributed Systems and Operation Systems Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nuremberg Germany Department of Computer Science 4- Distributed Systems and Operating Systems Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg

Type-safe high-level languages such as Java have not yet found their way into the domain of deeply embedded systems, even though numerous attempts have been made to make these languages cost attractive. One major challenge that remains is the huge existing code base in many industries. Completely reengineering this code base is not viable for cost and time reasons. We present an approach that allows to isolatedly combine legacy software components and safe software components in an embedded system using the two most common communication idioms found in this domain. Our approach allows the developer to freely choose between hardware- and software-based isolation mechanisms. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach by porting a non-trivial part of a real-world, hard real-time embedded avionics application. Our results show that the cost of this mixed-mode operation is on the same scale as the pure operation.

关键词： Java Runtime Embedded systems Engines Hardware Sensors

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Energy minimization for checkpointing-based approach to guaranteeing real-time systems reliability

Energy minimization for checkpointing-based approach to guar...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Zheng Li Li Wang Shangping Ren Gang Quan Department of Computer Science Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago Illinois Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Florida International University Miami FL

In this paper, we study the energy minimization problem for a frame-based real time system with guaranteed reliability using the checkpointing technique. We formally prove that executing a real time task set with a uniform frequency, or neighboring frequencies if the desired frequency is not available, not only optimizes its energy consumption but also achieves maximal reliability. Based on the theoretic conclusion, we further develop a Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling (DVFS) and checkpoint allocation strategy for a task set to guarantee both reliability and deadline constraints but with minimal energy consumption. the proposed strategy has very small frequency switching overhead as no more than one frequency change is needed for the entire task set execution and thus is particularly effective for processors with large frequency switching overhead. We further empirically compare our approach with recent work published in the literature. the experimental results show that the proposed approach can reduce as much as 15% energy consumption.

关键词： Reliability time-frequency analysis Checkpointing Energy consumption Optimized production technology Transient analysis Program processors

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realization of a distributed OS component for internal clock synchronization in a LAN environment

Realization of a distributed OS component for internal clock...

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： K.H.K. Kim C. Im P. Athreya University of California Irvine CA USA

A key challenge in keeping distributed clocks well synchronized in a LAN environment via OS-or middleware-level mechanisms is to create an interference-free condition in a network channel(s) and a nonpreemptible on-alert condition in the responsible thread in each node during each resynchronization round while keeping the length of each round as short as possible. An approach for meeting this challenge which is based on the middleware architecture TMOSM, has been presented. A prototype implementation and its measurements indicated that with a typical network of PCs connected via a 10 Mbps Ethernet, the PC nodes can be kept synchronized within the deviation bound of 0.5 milliseconds. the organizing principle is believed to be applicable to many real-time OSs or middleware used to support distributed computing applications.

关键词： Clocks Synchronization Middleware Local area networks Interference Yarn Prototypes Personal communication networks Ethernet networks Organizing

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Efficient Metadata Management for Flash File Systems

Efficient Metadata Management for Flash File Systems

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international symposium on object-oriented real-time distributed computing

作者： Jaegeuk Kim Heeseung Jo Hyotaek Shim Jin-Soo Kim Seungryoul Maeng Computer Science Department Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon South Korea South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9780769531328

NAND flash memory becomes one of the most popular storage for portable embedded systems. Although many flash-aware file systems, such as JFFS2 and YAFFS2, were proposed, the large memory consumption and the long mount delay have been serious obstacles for large-capacity NAND flash memory. In this paper, we present a new flash-aware file system called DFFS (direct flash file system) which fetches only the needed metadata on demand from flash memory. In addition, DFFS employs two novel metadata management schemes, inode embedding scheme and hybrid inode indexing scheme, to improve the performance of metadata operations. Comprehensive evaluation results using microbench- mark, postmark, and Linux kernel compilation trace, show that DFFS has comparable performance to JFFS2 and YAFFS2, while achieving a small memory footprint and instant mount time.

关键词： File systems Delay Flash memory Memory management Portable media players Embedded system Indexing Personal digital assistants real time systems distributed computing

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