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Approximate computing Methods for embedded Machine Learning 25

Approximate Computing Methods for Embedded Machine Learning

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25th IEEE international conference on Electronics, Circuits and systems (ICECS)

作者： Ibrahim, Ali Osta, Mario Alameh, Mohamad Saleh, Moustafa Chible, Hussein Valle, Maurizio Univ Genoa Dept Elect Elect & Telecommun Engn & Naval Archit COSMIC Lab Genoa Italy Lebanese Univ PhD Sch Sci & Technol MECRL Lab Beirut Lebanon

ISBN: (纸本)9781538695623

Embedding Machine Learning enables integrating intelligence in recent application domains such as Internet of things, portable healthcare systems, and wearable devices. this paper presents an assessment of approximate computing methods at algorithmic, architecture, and circuit levels and draws perspectives for further developments and applications. the main goal is to investigate how approximate computing may reduce the complexity and enable the feasibility of embedded Machine Learning (ML) systems. though ML is a powerful paradigm for applications in the perceptual domain (i.e. vision, touch, hearing, etc.), their computational complexity is very high and consequently real time operation and ultra-low power are still very challenging objectives. On the other hand, approximate computing has emerged as an effective solution to reduce hardware complexity, time latency and to increase energy efficiency.

关键词： embedded Machine Learning Approximate computing Energy Efficiency Error Resilient systems

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Assessing the Effect of Sensor Limitations in Enhanced Flight Vision systems on Pilot Performance 11th

Assessing the Effect of Sensor Limitations in Enhanced Fligh...

引用

11th international conference on Virtual, Augmented and Mixed reality (VAMR) Held as Part of the 21st international conference on Human-Computer Interaction (HCII)

作者： Annamalai, Ramanathan Dorneich, Michael C. Tokadli, Guliz Iowa State Univ Ind & Mfg Syst Engn Dept Ames IA 50011 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9783030215651;9783030215644

Enhanced Flight Vision systems (EFVS) enables approaches to altitudes closer to the runway that would otherwise be precluded due to low visibility ceilings. EFVS in flight cockpits has the potential to augment the safety in flight operations and enable improved crew performance during approach and landing phases of flight irrespective of the visibility conditions. EFVS utilizes imaging sensors capable of penetrating through obscuring weather conditions, thereby providing forward vision of the runway environment in real-time for display on a heads-up display (HUD). As EFVS potentially moves into use in general aviation operations, it is necessary to evaluate the associated human performance implications, especially during off-nominal conditions as most of the previous studies were primarily limited to nominal cases. the study of off-nominal cases was limited to only HUD failures. the objective of this paper is to present a detailed experimental plan, with preliminary results, to evaluate the human factors implications in using the EFVS under off-nominal conditions. A human-in-the-loop experiment will be conducted in a fixed-base simulator modeled with EFVS. Evaluation pilots will fly six different experimental trials with two visibility levels and three levels of information quality: No-EFVS, EFVS with correct information, and EFVS with degraded information. Measures of performance include approach and landing performance, visual performance, workload, and decision-making.

关键词： Enhanced Flight Vision System Off-nominal situation Human factors implications Pilot performance Sensor technology Aviation

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Hard real-time Capable OPC UA Server as Hardware Peripheral for Single Chip IoT systems

Hard Real-Time Capable OPC UA Server as Hardware Peripheral ...

引用

international conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA)

作者： Chris Paul Iatrou Heiner Bauer Markus Graube Sebastian Höppner Julian Rahm Leon Urbas Chair of Process Control & Systems Engineering Technische Universität Dresden Chair of Highly-Parallel VLSI Systems and Neuro-Microelectronics Technische Universität Dresden

the fast semantics project examines the use of the OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) in embedded industrial systems and proposes the design of a customizable, hard real time capable OPC UA Intellectual Property Core (IP Core) for single chip computing plattforms. this allows using OPC UA in both novel energy efficient sensor applications and in state of the art field devices. these single chip OPC UA servers form the semantic data sources for future applications such as cloud based added value services or machine learning applications. this article presents the design alternatives and first synthesis results for the implementation of OPC UA servers in embedded systems.

关键词： Random access memory IP networks Protocols Semantics Servers Process control real-time systems

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Managing Industrial Communication Delays with Software-Defined Networking

Managing Industrial Communication Delays with Software-Defin...

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IEEE international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Rutvij H. Jhaveri Rui Tan Arvind Easwaran Sagar V. Ramani Delta – NTU Corporate Laboratory for Cyber-Physical Systems Nanyang Technological University Singapore School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanyang Technological University Singapore Department of Computer Engineering Government Polytechnic Porbandar India

Recent technological advances have fostered the development of complex industrial cyber-physical systems with communication delay requirements. the consequences of delay requirement violation in such systems may become increasingly severe. In this paper, we propose a contract-based fault-resilient methodology which aims at managing the communication delays of network flows in industries. With this objective, we present a lightweight mechanism to estimate end-to-end communication delays in the network where the clocks of the switches are not synchronized. the mechanism aims at providing high level of accuracy with little communication overhead. We then propose a contract-based framework using software-defined networking (SDN) where the components are associated with delay contracts and a resilience manager. the proposed resilience management framework contains: (1) contracts which state requirements about components' behaviors, (2) observers which are responsible to detect contract failure (fault), (3) monitors to detect events such as run-time changes in the delay requirements and link failure, (4) control logic to take suitable decisions based on the type of the fault, (5) resilience manager to decide response strategies containing the best course of action as per the control logic decision. Finally, we present a delay-aware path finding algorithm which is used to route/reroute the network flows to provide resilience in the case of faults and, to adapt to the changes in the network state. Performance of the proposed framework is evaluated with the Ryu SDN controller and Mininet network emulator.

关键词： Delays Resilience Contracts real-time systems Control systems Quality of service Monitoring

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real-time Data Processing in Sparse SAR Imaging

Real-Time Data Processing in Sparse SAR Imaging

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international conference on Advanced Infocomm Technology (ICAIT)

作者： Hui Bi Guoan Bi Bingchen Zhang Wen Hong College of Electronic Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University Institute of Electronics Chinese Academy of Sciences

Sarsity-driven synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging has already shown the superiority in terms of imaging performance improvement and image recovery from down-sampled data. However, conventional observation matrix based approach generally requires inhibitive memory space for the target recovery especially for the large-scale scenes. Although azimuth-range decouple based method significantly reduces the computational cost of sparse SAR imaging, it also needs one or two orders more computing time than typical matched filtering (MF) based algorithm, which does not allow the real-time processing. therefore, further minimizing the computational cost of sparse SAR imaging is needed. In this paper, we present a novel imaging technique that supports real-time data processing in sparse SAR imaging. With experimental results on real data, the presented method is very useful for achieving desired imaging performance in practical applications, and has been successfully reduced the computational time to the same order as MF based method.

关键词： Imaging Radar polarimetry real-time systems Synthetic aperture radar Image reconstruction Sparse matrices Data processing

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ROSCH: real-time Scheduling Framework for ROS 24

ROSCH: Real-Time Scheduling Framework for ROS

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24th IEEE international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Saito, Yukihiro Sato, Futoshi Azumi, Takuya Kato, Shinpei Nishio, Nobuhiko Ritsumeikan Univ Grad Sch Informat Sci & Engn Kyoto Japan Saitama Univ Grad Sch Sci & Engn Saitama Saitama Japan Univ Tokyo Grad Sch Informat Sci & Technol Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781538677599

this paper presents a real-time scheduling framework for the robot operating system (ROS) called ROSCH. ROS is an open-source software platform and a meta-operating system designed for robots. ROS provides extensive development libraries and has been widely used for autonomous driving systems. However, ROS does not guarantee real-time performance;hence, a ROS-based autonomous driving car could cause a traffic accident. therefore, ROSCH comprises three functionalities that do not exist in the ROS to guarantee real-time performance: (1) a synchronization system, (2) fixed-priority based directed acyclic graph (DAG) scheduling framework, and (3) fail-safe function. In particular, the synchronization system guarantees that the timestamp gaps between sensor measurements will be less than or equal to the calculated value. the fixed-priority based DAG scheduling framework guarantees that end-to-end latency is less than or equal to an estimated value. Operating both mechanisms simultaneously guarantees the final output topic frequency. the fail-safe functionality provides a danger avoidance action at a deadline miss. In addition, these functionalities are designed to be compatible with legacy software. No previous method that guarantees real-time operation provides a comparable range of features while maintaining the compatibility with the existing software. Experimental results showed that the time differences between sensor timestamps remained below a calculated value. Moreover, correctly scheduled tasks incur an end-to-end latency that is within an estimated value. In addition, the throughput of the end node is achieved. Finally, the fail-safe functionality overhead is 45 mu sec on an average, which is 0.004 % of the average execution time for one node.

关键词： Robot operating system (ROS) Middleware systems Synchronization DAG real-time scheduling Autonomous driving system

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Timing Characteristics of Sensor Simulation in an HIL Environment

Timing Characteristics of Sensor Simulation in an HIL Enviro...

引用

IEEE international conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced computing systems

作者： Igor Khimchenko Peter Schulz IDiAL Fachhochschule Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts Faculty of Electrical Engineering Fachhochschule Dortmund University of Applied Sciences and Arts

ISBN: (纸本)9781728140704

A large number of different applications are associated with different types of embedded systems where sensors play the key role in the creating of a particular view of an environment a system is being operated in. embedded systems are often characterized as the soft- or hard-real-time systems, with high requirements for safety, thus imposing strict requirements for the timing behavior and accuracy of sensors in order to ensure determinism and dependability of a system. At early stage of a system design, analysis or optimization, the satisfaction of the requirements can be checked with models of sensors. the authors aim to investigate the timing performance and accuracy achieved during simulation of the same sensor model implemented in two different ways: as a software artifact and as a field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) solution. this article constitutes a part of the research activities defined in [1].

关键词： Sensor Model Modeling Simulation Software HIL FPGA MATLAB Simulink high intensity lighting Sensors Field programmable gate arrays Research Activities MATLAB simulating computer software embedded systems Modeling time characteristic Determinism

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Retention-time Relaxation Scheme for MLC Flash-Memory Storage systems 24

Retention-Time Relaxation Scheme for MLC Flash-Memory Storag...

引用

24th IEEE international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Yu, David Kuang-Hui Hsieh, Jen-Wei Natl Taiwan Univ Sci & Technol Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781538677599

As flash memory technology has been scaled to 1xnm and more bits can be stored in a cell, the storage density of flash memory has been significantly improved. However, these technical trends also severely hurt the programming speed and endurance of flash memory. the internal data retention time is the duration for which a flash cell can correctly hold data. By relaxing internal data retention time, both the page programming speed and the block endurance could be improved. However, the retention time of flash memory typically requires to last for several years according to the industrial standard. thus a refreshment scheme is required to deal with the decreasing of retention time. In this paper, we present a retention-time relaxation scheme to meet the retention-time requirement for a reliable storage system. Observing that many data are over-written in hours or days in real workloads, multiple retentiontime queues are maintained to store data with different update frequency separately. Since access pattern might change from time to time, one technical issue is how to promote/ demote data so that data could be maintained in the proper retention-time queue to minimize the refreshment overhead. Another technical issue is how to efficiently and effectively refresh each retention-time queue in time to guarantee data integrity. In our scheme, data allocator and multi-level refresh module are proposed to deal with these technical issues. Based on the experimental results, not only endurance and performance but also energy consumption of the flash-memory storage system could be significantly improved by our scheme.

关键词： Flash memory retention-time endurance reliability

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Learning-Based Self-Adaptive Assurance of Timing Properties in a real-time embedded System 11

Learning-Based Self-Adaptive Assurance of Timing Properties ...

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11th IEEE international conference on Software Testing, Verification and Validation (ICST)

作者： Moghadam, Mahshid Helali Saadatmand, Mehrdad Borg, Markus Bohlin, Markus Lisper, Bjorn RISE SICS Vasteras Vasteras Sweden RISE SICS Lund Lund Sweden Malardalen Univ Vasteras Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781538663523

Providing an adaptive runtime assurance technique to meet the performance requirements of a real-time system without the need for a precise model could be a challenge. Adaptive performance assurance based on monitoring the status of timing properties can bring more robustness to the underlying platform. At the same time, the results or the achieved policy of this adaptive procedure could be used as feedback to update the initial model, and consequently for producing proper test cases. Reinforcement-learning has been considered as a promising adaptive technique for assuring the satisfaction of the performance properties of software-intensive systems in recent years. In this work-in-progress paper, we propose an adaptive runtime timing assurance procedure based on reinforcement learning to satisfy the performance requirements in terms of response time. the timing control problem is formulated as a Markov Decision Process and the details of applying the proposed learning-based timing assurance technique are described.

关键词： Timing properties self-adaptive performance assurance real-time embedded systems reinforcement learning

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Parameterized Data Reduction Framework of thermal Sensing for Gait Velocity Measurements 24

Parameterized Data Reduction Framework of Thermal Sensing fo...

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24th IEEE international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Chou, Jyun-Jhe Shih, Chi-Sheng Natl Taiwan Univ NTU IoX Res Ctr Dept Comp Sci & Informat Engn Grad Inst Networking & Multimedia Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781538677599

In IoT systems, many sensing devices will periodically transmit data. However, most of the sensing data are either similar or redundant and the sensing device itself may not have effective rules standard to decide to send or not. Static rules maybe effective on specific scenario, and become ineffective when the use scenario of the sensor changes. Hence, we design an algorithm to solve the problem of data redundant for IoT devices. the algorithm iteratively separates a data region into smaller regions. In each round, it chooses a region with highest variability, and separates it into smaller regions. Finally, each region has different sizes and uses its average value to represent itself. If an area has more dynamical, diverse data, more data points will be used to present the data. In this paper, we present a method to reduce the file size of thermal sensor which can sense the temperature of a surface and outputs a two dimension gray scale image. In our evaluation result, we can reduce the file size to be 50% of JPEG format when 0.5% of distortion is allowed, and up to 93% less when 2% of distortion is allowed.

关键词： Temperature sensors Heating systems Legged locomotion Temperature measurement Velocity measurement

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