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image compression via tritree decomposition

Image compression via tritree decomposition

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brazilian symposium on computer graphics and image processing (sibgrapi)

作者： V.C. Da Silva J.M. De Carvalho Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica University Fed. da Paraíba Campina Grande Paraiba Brazil

the work presents a new method for image compression, using tritree decomposition (TT). TT was originally proposed by Wille (1992) for generation of non-structured finite element meshes for numerical solution of differential equation systems. TT decomposition is similar to quadtree decomposition (QT), which has been broadly used by image processing algorithms, mainly for segmentation and compression. However, while QT subdivides the image into progressively smaller quadratic regions, TT decomposition subdivides the image into triangular regions. the goal is to segment the image into a set of triangular homogeneous regions, where the differences among the pixel values don't exceed a certain threshold. A tree is built to represent the decomposition. Each triangle will be a node of the tree TT. the initial triangle, that contains the whole image, is the root of the tree. the final triangles, representing the compressed image, are the leaves of the tree. Reconstruction of the image is accomplished by planar interpolation among the vertices of each triangular leaf.

关键词： image coding PSNR Finite element methods image segmentation image reconstruction Differential equations image processing Pixel Interpolation Bit rate

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Handwritten digits segmentation based on structural approach

Handwritten digits segmentation based on structural approach

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brazilian symposium on computer graphics and image processing (sibgrapi)

作者： L.E. Soares de Oliveira E. Lethelier F. Bortolozzi R. Sabourin PPGIA-Programa de Pos-Graduação em InformBtica Aplicada LARDOC-Laboratbrio de AnBlise e Reconhecimento de Documentos PUCPR-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Curitiba Parana Brazil LIVIA-Laboratoire d Imagerie de Vision et d Intelligence Artificielle Ecole de Technologie Supérieure Montreal QUE Canada

We deal with a new segmentation approach applied to unconstrained handwritten digits. the novelty of the proposed algorithm is based on the combination of two types of structural features in order to provide the best segmentation path between connected entities. this method was developed to be applied in a segmentation-based recognition system. We first present the features used to generate our basic segmentation points, and we define our segmentation paths depending on the encountered configurations with only few heuristic rules. then, we present a strategy based on graphs in order to manage the segmentation. Finally, we evaluate the output of our segmenter using a integrated classifier with three different combination methods.

关键词： image segmentation Handwriting recognition Character recognition Robustness Focusing image resolution

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A boundary extraction approach based on multi-resolution methods and the T-Snakes framework

A boundary extraction approach based on multi-resolution met...

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brazilian symposium on computer graphics and image processing (sibgrapi)

作者： G.A. Giraldi E. Strauss A.A.F. Oliveira Computer Graphics Laboratory-COPPE Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil Department of Electronics Engineering (DEL-EE)-COPPE Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

We present a new approach which integrates the T-Snakes model and a multi-resolution method in a unified framework for segmentation and boundary extraction. In a first stage, a local scale property of the objects is used to define a triangulation of the image domain and a sampling (coarsest resolution) of the image field. the low resolution image is thresholded to get a 0-1 field which is processed by a simple continuation method to generate polygonal curves whose interior contain the desired objects. If the polygonal curve involves more than one object, then the resolution is increased in that region and the method will be applied again. this stage gives a rough approximation of the desired boundaries which will be improved by the T-Snakes to get the final result. We demonstrate the method for 2D medical imaging in the experimental results and indicate how it can be extended to 3D in future work.

关键词： image resolution Postal services image segmentation image motion analysis Shape computer graphics Laboratories image sampling Biomedical imaging Motion analysis

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Fractal color image compression

Fractal color image compression

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brazilian symposium on computer graphics and image processing (sibgrapi)

作者： Zhao Hui Li Liang Zhao N.Y. Soma CTA ITA IEC Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil ICMC-USP-Instituto de Ciêcias Matemiticas e de Computação Universidade de Sáo Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil

the paper presents a new fractal color image compression method, called Fractal Hierarchical Color Block Coding (FHCBC), which transforms the three-color planes of a color image into a one-component image by extracting correlation among them. It hierarchically divides the three-color planes into homogeneous blocks, and for each such block, the variance of pixels' trichromatic coefficients is within a certain threshold value. then, each block is represented by its mean value of the pixels' trichromatic coefficient ratios, and just a one-component image is composed and compressed by fractal coding. In the decoding process, the reconstruction is carried out by a fractal decoding algorithm and the associated mean values of trichromatic coefficient ratios. In comparison with the well known three-component Separated Fractal Coding (SFC), the suggested method generates performance gains in running time, high compression ratio and equal level of reconstruction quality.

关键词： Fractals Color image coding image reconstruction Block codes Pixel Decoding image storage IEC standards Performance gain

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Recognition of handwritten dates on bank checks using an HMM approach

Recognition of handwritten dates on bank checks using an HMM...

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brazilian symposium on computer graphics and image processing (sibgrapi)

作者： M.E. Morita E. Letelier A. El Yacoubi F. Bortolozzi R. Sabourin PPGIA-Programa de Pós-Graduação em Informática Aplicada LAEDOC-Laboratório de Análise e Reconhecimento de Documentos PUCPR-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Curitiba Brazil Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana Curitiba PR BR Laboratoire d'Imagerie de Vision et d'Intelligence Artificielle Ecole de Technologie Supérieure Montreal QUE Canada

the article presents the first results of our system applied to the automatic recognition of handwritten dates on brazilian bank checks. Considering the omni-writer context, we detail our recognition module dedicated to processing the month field. this module is based on the combination of holistic and analytical approaches with a fixed lexicon. Both approaches operate with a single explicit segmentation technique to provide a grapheme sequence for the purposed hidden Markov models of each recognizer. We show significant improvements when combining both modules to get a satisfactory recognition rate considering the small database images we work with. Finally, we present various perspectives for future work.

关键词： Handwriting recognition Hidden Markov models image segmentation image recognition Humans computer vision Context modeling image databases Application software Production

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An off-line signature verification system using hidden Markov model and cross-validation

An off-line signature verification system using hidden Marko...

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brazilian symposium on computer graphics and image processing (sibgrapi)

作者： E.J.R. Justino A. El Yacoubi F. Bortolozzi R. Sabourin PUCPR-Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Curitiba Parana Brazil Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Parana Curitiba PR BR

the main objective is to present an off-line signature verification system. It is basically divided into three parts. the first demonstrates a pre-processing process, a segmentation process and a feature extraction process, in which the main aim is to obtain the maximum performance quality of the process of verification of random falsifications, in the false acceptance and false rejection concept. the second presents a learning process based on HMM, where the aim is obtaining the best model. that is, one that is capable of representing each writer's signature, absorbing yet at the same time discriminating, at most the intrapersonal and interpersonal variation. the third presents a signature verification process that uses the models generated by the learning process without using any prior knowledge of test data, in other words, using an automatic derivation process of the decision thresholds.

关键词： Handwriting recognition Hidden Markov models Pattern recognition Feature extraction Speech recognition Automatic testing Neural networks Euclidean distance image matching Text recognition

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A visual attention model for tracking regions based on color correlograms

A visual attention model for tracking regions based on color...

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brazilian symposium on computer graphics and image processing (sibgrapi)

作者： L.L. Galdino D.L. Borges Escola de Engenharia Eléctrica e de Computação Laboratório de Sistemas Inteligentes Universidade Federal de Goiás Goiania Goias Brazil

the amount of information contained in a single color shot of a scene is extreme considering the variety of tasks that can be performed relying on visual data only. For the purpose of analyzing scenes dynamically, where objects come and go, one has to work under a structure of a visual attention model which prioritizes what type of visual data the system has to follow. this paper presents a novel visual attention model for region tracking based on color correlograms. First, a reference frame is picked and it is segmented for the most significant color regions present in the shot. Color correlograms are then run on every frame after in order to provide spectral and spatial information, for the visual attention control, about the past and the new objects appearing on the scenes. the visual attention (VA) model then keeps track of old and new color regions appearing on the scene until a different frame is chosen. We have run experiments which show the performance of this proposed VA model.

关键词： Layout computer vision Color Navigation Animation Information analysis Solid modeling Object recognition Uncertainty Feature extraction

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Probabilistic intensity mapping in MRI image registration

Probabilistic intensity mapping in MRI image registration

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brazilian symposium on computer graphics and image processing (sibgrapi)

作者： A.M. Correa Machado M.F. Montenegro CAmpos J. Gee Departmento de Ciência da Computação Pontificia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil Departmento de Ciência da Computação Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil Department of Radiology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA

In this work, we present a method which is able to relate different MR sensors with respect to intensity distortions in the output images. For the important problem of image registration, the method makes possible a principled approach to likelihood modeling or the construction of similarity metrics. Likelihood models can be used as prior knowledge of the relationship between intensities in both images, providing a fundamental information resource for image registration. A poor model of the intensity mapping for the image pair to be matched may lead to false matches, regardless of the prior morphological constraints assumed and will bias all subsequent analyses. A formal analysis of robustness under different kinds of noise is also provided and the findings compared to other relevant similarity metrics. Experiments are controlled based on the application of synthetic spatial and intensity deformations that guarantee a fiducial basis for comparison.

关键词： Magnetic resonance imaging image registration image sensors Magnetic sensors image analysis Noise robustness Testing Deformable models Radiology Computational Intelligence Society

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Directional analysis of images with Gabor wavelets

Directional analysis of images with Gabor wavelets

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brazilian symposium on computer graphics and image processing (sibgrapi)

作者： R.M. Rangayyan R.J. Ferrari J.E.L. Desautels A.F. Frere Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Calgary Alberta Canada Department of Electrical Engineering University of São Paulo Sao Carlos SP Brazil Alberta Cancer Board Alberta Canada Nucleus of Science and Technology University of Mogi das Cruzes Mogi das Cruzes SP Brazil

the paper presents a new scheme for analysis of linear directional components in images by using a multiresolution representation based on Gabor wavelets. A dictionary of Gabor filters with varying tuning frequency and orientation, specifically designed in order to reduce the redundancy in the wavelet-based representation, is applied to the given image. the filter responses for different scales and orientation are analyzed by using the Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform and Otsu's (1979) method of thresholding. the KL transform is applied to select the principal components of the filter responses, preserving only the most relevant directional elements appearing at all scales. the first N principal components, thresholded by using Otsu's method, are used to reconstruct the magnitude and phase of the directional components of the image. Rose diagrams computed from the phase images are used for quantitative and qualitative analysis of the oriented patterns. the proposed scheme is applied to the analysis of asymmetry between left and right mammograms. For this purpose, a set of three features is extracted from the Rose diagrams and used in a parametric statistical classifier. A total of 80 images from 20 normal cases, 14 asymmetric cases, and 6 distortion cases from the Mini-MIAS database were used to evaluate the scheme using the leave-one-out methodology, resulting in an average diagnostic accuracy of 72.5%.

关键词： image analysis Wavelet analysis Gabor filters Karhunen-Loeve transforms image resolution Dictionaries Tuning Frequency image reconstruction Pattern analysis

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Time-critical rendering of irregular grids

Time-critical rendering of irregular grids

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brazilian symposium on computer graphics and image processing (sibgrapi)

作者： R. Farias J.S.B. Mitchell C.T. Silva B. Wylie Dept. of Appl. Math. & Stat. State Univ. of New York Stony Brook NY USA Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics State University of New York Stony Brook Stony Brook NY USA AT and T Research Laboratories Florham Park NJ USA

Many papers have presented rendering techniques and simplification ideas with the objective of speeding up image generation for irregular grid data sets. For large data sets, however, even the current fastest algorithms are known to require seconds to generate each image, making real time analysis of such data sets very difficult, or even impossible, unless one has access to powerful and expensive computer hardware. In order to synthesize a system for handling very large data set analysis, we have assembled algorithms for rendering, simplification and triangulation, and added to them some optimizations. We have made some improvements on one of the best current algorithms for rendering irregular grids, and added to it some simple approximation methods in both image and object space, resulting in a system that achieves high frame rates, even on slow computers without any specific graphic hardware. the algorithm adapts itself to the time budget it has available for each image generation, using hierarchical representations of the mesh for faster delivery of images when transformations are imposed to the data. When given additional time, the algorithm generates finer images, obtaining the precise final image if given sufficient time. We were able to obtain frame rates of the order of 5 Hz for medium-sized data sets, which is about 20 times faster than previous rendering algorithms. With a trade-off between image accuracy and speed, similar frame rates can be achieved on different computers.

关键词： Time factors Rendering (computer graphics) image generation Data analysis Algorithm design and analysis Hardware Power generation image analysis Assembly systems Approximation algorithms

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