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Mode Transition for Online Scheduling of Adaptive real-time systems on Multiprocessors

Mode Transition for Online Scheduling of Adaptive Real-Time ...

引用

1st international Workshop on Cyber-Physical systems, Networks, and applications (CPSNA) held during 17th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Rattanatamrong, Prapaporn Fortes, Jose A. B. Univ Florida Dept Elect & Comp Engn Gainesville FL 32611 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545028

this paper presents a novel online scheduling algorithm for scheduling real-time adaptive systems in which tasks may have distinct resource requirements for each of the systems' operating modes. Apart from prior work that considers only step-wise adaptation of tasks' resource utilization during mode transition, the proposed algorithm (named EAGLE-T) enables tasks to adapt their resource utilization progressively from one mode to another in a timely manner without causing any deadline miss. the upper bound of the delay and the drift between resource utilization achieved by EAGLE-T and the ideal scheduler during mode transition are provided. Performance evaluation shows that the progressive adaptation of EAGLE-T offers improved performance over a step-wise approach (average maximal-utilization drift and mode-transition delay are reduced by up to 68.75% and 32.16%, respectively). As the probability of a mode change or the number of tasks vary, empirical results show that the resource utilization achieved by tasks scheduled using EAGLE-T is within 56% to 90% of the desired utilization (compared to 11%-81% when the step-wise scheme is used).

关键词： real-time scheduling adaptive task systems mode transition multi-mode applications

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External Integrity Checking with Invariants

External Integrity Checking with Invariants

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作者： Shimada, Hiromasa Nakajima, Tatsuo Waseda Univ Dept Comp Sci Shinjuku Ku 3-4-1 Okubo Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545028

In order to enhance OS security, most of people use security patches to fix the vulnerabilities of the OS. However, the security patches may also incur vulnerabilities. these vulnerabilities are generated since most OSes has a lot of functionalities and their functionalities are very complex to manage the entire source code manually. Moreover, in order to use the security patch, rebooting the system is required. Some of systems such as enterprise servers and embedded systems cannot accept the rebooting. therefore, we propose an external integrity checking system to enhance the OS security. the external integrity checking system and a target OS run on a hypervisor simultaneously, therefore, their operations do not affect each other. In addition, the integrity checking system is generated automatically with invariants. therefore, the possibility of inserting vulnerabilities into the system is as small as possible, and the system can cover a lot of vulnerabilities.

关键词： Data structures embedded systems Kernel Linux OS security enhancement Prototypes Security Virtual machine monitors external integrity checking system hyper visor invariant monitoring service operating systems (computers) security security of data security patches source code

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A Multiprocessor Server-Based Scheduler for Soft real-time Tasks with Stochastic Execution Demand

A Multiprocessor Server-Based Scheduler for Soft Real-Time T...

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作者： Mills, Alex F. Anderson, James H. Univ N Carolina Dept Stat & Operat Res Chapel Hill NC 27515 USA Univ N Carolina Dept Comp Sci Chapel Hill NC 27515 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545028

We utilize a multiprocessor server-based approach to schedule a general class of soft real-time systems with stochastic execution demands, when bounded average-case tardiness is sufficient for schedulability. A key feature of the task model considered here is that the stochastic execution-time demands can have arbitrary amounts of dependence within pre-specified time intervals of bounded length. this is an important practical step forward from requiring complete independence of execution times between successive jobs of the same task. Our main result does not require the scheduler to know the execution time of each job in advance, and requires only average-case utilization to be bounded by the number of processors. this constraint is mild compared to constraints on worst-case utilization because in multiprocessor systems, worst-case execution times may be orders of magnitude higher than average-case execution times.

关键词： mulitprocessor real-time systems scheduling stochastic

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Dependable TCB based on the Cell Broadband Engine™Isolation Facility

Dependable TCB based on the Cell Broadband Engine™Isolation...

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作者： Murase, Masana Tokuda, Hideyuki Keio Univ IBM Res Tokyo IBM Japan Ltd Grad Sch Media & Governance Keio Japan Keio Univ Fac Environm & Informat Studies Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545028

A Trusted computing Base (TCB) such as a Trusted Platform Module (TPM) or a Mobile Trusted Module plays an essential role for security and privacy applications in embedded systems such as cell phones, smart sensors, and actuators. However, existing hardware-based TCBs lack flexibility for function updates, bug fixes, and feature updates. In this paper, we present a dependable TCB on a Cell Broad-band Engine (TM) processor by providing a hardware and software hybrid TPM. Unlike prior approaches, we provide three new features: (1) TPM functions are implemented in software running in memory isolated by hardware, (2) our software TPM is launched and establishes a chain of trust from the hardware using a secure boot method, and (3) a new TPM command provides dynamic patching to the running software TPM and secure code overlays for the efficient use of the limited resources. We show the feasibility of this hybrid implementation of the TPM by assessing its performance and security properties.

关键词： Cell Broadband Engine embedded system security SPE isolation mode Trusted Platform Module

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Energy-Aware Fixed-Priority Multi-core Scheduling for real-time systems

Energy-Aware Fixed-Priority Multi-core Scheduling for Real-T...

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作者： Lu, Junyang Guo, Yao Peking Univ Sch Elect Engn & Comp Sci Key Lab High Confidence Software Technol Minist Educ Beijing 100871 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545028

Multi-core processors are becoming the dominant choice due to energy and thermal considerations, which also applies to embedded and real-time systems. While fixed-priority scheduling with task-splitting in real-time systems are widely applied, current approaches have not taken into consideration energy-aware aspects such as dynamic voltage/frequency scheduling (DVS). In this paper, we propose two strategies to apply DVS to fixed-priority scheduling algorithms with task-splitting for periodic real-time tasks on multi-core processors. We first propose a strategy that does traditional DVS for each processor after scheduling (post-DVS), which ensures all tasks meet the timing requirements on synchronization. We then propose a new strategy, which determines the frequency of each task before scheduling (pre-DVS) according to the total utilization of task-set and number of cores available, so that the system could take full advantage of all the cores. the combination of frequency pre-allocation and task-splitting makes it possible to maximize energy savings with DVS. We perform a series of simulations to compare the performance of each algorithm with two state-of-the-art scheduling algorithms with task-splitting. Simulation results show that the pre-DVS algorithm we proposed has performed satisfactorily on both schedulability and energy consumption in comparison to the previous approaches.

关键词： real-time systems multi-core scheduling dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) energy optimization

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Dynamic Activation Timing Configuration for Product Line Development

Dynamic Activation Timing Configuration for Product Line Dev...

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作者： Ishigooka, Tasuku Narisawa, Fumio Hitachi Ltd Hitachi Res Lab Ibaraki Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545028

Most automotive control systems have been developed by combining legacy Electronic Control Units (ECUs) with newly developed ECUs. We need to plan the product line to utilize as many legacy ECUs as possible to lower development costs of new vehicles. However, we must develop several new gateway ECUs per new vehicle because gateway ECUs depend on the placement of other ECUs and their combinations within the whole system. the reusable gateway ECUs are needed to lower development cost. However, there is a problem in that the worst case execution time (WCET) of relay processing may be impaired in typical methods that are synchronized with the communication cycle of time-triggered networks. therefore, we propose a Dynamic Activation Timing Configuration (DATC) for product line development, which can dynamically calculate the activation timing of relay processing from the information on message routing, slot assignment, and time-triggered network. the gateway ECUs with DATC can be dynamically adjusted to new vehicles and improve the WCET of relay processing.

关键词： Automotive engineering Dynamic Configuration Event-Triggered Network Gateway Logic gates Relays Routing time-Triggered Network Timing Vehicles automobiles automotive control systems automotive electronics dynamic activation timing configuration electronic control units product development product line development relay processing time-triggered networks worst case execution time

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Feature Selection and Activity Recognition to Detect Water Waste from Water Tap Usage

Feature Selection and Activity Recognition to Detect Water W...

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作者： Trang thuy Vu Sokan, Akifumi Nakajo, Hironori Fujinami, Kaori Suutala, Jaakko Siirtola, Pekka Alasalmi, Tuomo Pitkanen, Ari Roning, Juha Tokyo Unvers Agr & Technol Dept Comp & Informat Sci Tokyo Japan Univ Oulu Dept Elect & Informat Engn Oulu Finland

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545028

In this paper, water tap usage is examined based on water sound analysis. We focus on detecting "water waste" to make persuasion of water savings effective, where two types of water waste are defined: inter-activity water waste and intra-activity water waste. Based on a preliminary user survey, four types of basin-related activities are identified that occur with water waste. We apply a spectrum subtraction method for feature selection and propose cascaded classifiers for activity recognition. the result of an evaluation presents that the aggregate accuracies to identify inter-activity water waste and intra-activity one are 100.0 % and 81.1 %, respectively.

关键词： Accuracy Error analysis Microphones Monitoring real time systems Sensors Water conservation activity recognition environmental science computing feature selection inter-activity water waste intra-activity water waste learning (artificial intelligence) pattern classification spectrum subtraction method wastewater water sound analysis water tap usage water waste detection

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Hardware-assisted Reliability Enhancement for embedded Multi-core Virtualization Design

Hardware-assisted Reliability Enhancement for Embedded Multi...

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作者： Lin, Tsung-Han Kinebuchi, Yuki Shimada, Hiromasa Mitake, Hitoshi Lee, Chen-Yi Nakajima, Tatsuo Waseda Univ Dept Comp Sci & Engn Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545028

In this paper, we propose a virtualization architecture for the multi-core embedded system to provide more system reliability and security while maintaining the same performance without introducing additional special hardware supports or having to implement complex protection mechanism in the virtualization layer. embedded virtualization design usually uses two kinds of approaches, traditional VMM and microkernel approaches, but both of them suffer from performance or engineering cost problems. To achieve better reliability and keep the virtualization layer design lightweighted, a common hardware component called local memory adopted in the multi-core embedded processors is used in this work. By taking this memory architecture's advantage, we can mitigate above-mentioned problems at once. We choose to re-map the virtualization layer's program called SPUMONE, which it runs all its guest systems in kernel space, on the local memory. By doing so, it can provide additional reliability and security for the entire system because the SPUMONE's design in a multi-core platform has each instance being installed on a separated processor core, which is different from the traditional virtualization layer design, and therefore the content of each SPUMONE in the local memory is inaccessible to each others.

关键词： embedded systems Hardware Kernel Multicore processing Reliability SPUMONE Virtual machine monitors complex protection mechanism embedded multicore virtualization design embedded system embedded systems embedded virtualization design hardware-assisted reliability enhancement local memory local memory memory architecture memory architecture microkernel approach multicore embedded system multiprocessing systems reliability security system reliability virtualisation virtualization virtualization architecture

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Detecting Solid-State Disk Geometry for Write Pattern Optimization

Detecting Solid-State Disk Geometry for Write Pattern Optimi...

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作者： Kuo, Chun-Chieh Hsieh, Jen-Wei Chang, Li-Pin Natl Chiao Tung Univ Hsinchu Taiwan TAIWAN TECH Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545028

Solid-state disks use flash memory as their storage medium, and adopt a firmware layer that makes data mapping and wear leveling transparent to the hosts. Even though solid-state disks emulate a collection of logical sectors, the I/O delays of accessing all these logical sectors are not uniform because the management of flash memory is subject to many physical constraints of flash memory. this work proposes a collection of black-box tests can detect the geometry inside of a solid-state disk. the host system software can arrange data in the logical disk space according to the detected geometry information to match the host write pattern with the device characteristic for reducing the flash management overhead in solid-state disks.

关键词： Ash Computer architecture Geometry Software Switches throughput time factors data mapping firmware firmware flash management flash memories flash memory flash memory geometry geometry information logical disk space solid-state disk solid-state disk geometry detection storage management storage systems wear leveling write pattern optimization

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Dependable resource sharing for compositional real-time systems

Dependable resource sharing for compositional real-time syst...

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作者： van den Heuvel, Martijn M. H. P. Bril, Reinder J. Lukkien, Johan J. Tech Univ Eindhoven TU E Dept Math & Comp Sci Den Dolech 2 NL-5600 AZ Eindhoven Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9780769545028

Hierarchical scheduling frameworks (HSFs) have been extensively investigated as a paradigm for facilitating temporal isolation between components that need to be integrated on a single shared processor. In the presence of shared resources, however, temporal isolation may break when one of the accessing components executes longer than specified during global resource access. the ability to confine such temporal faults makes the HSF more dependable. As a solution we propose a stack-resource-policy (SRP)-based synchronization protocol for HSFs, named Hierarchical Synchronization protocol with Temporal Protection (HSTP). When a component exceeds its specified critical-section length, HSTP enforces a component to self-donate its own budget to accelerate the resource release. In addition, a component that blocks on a locked resource may donate budget. the schedulability of those components that are independent of the locked resource is unaffected. HSTP efficiently limits the propagation of temporal faults to resource-sharing components by disabling local preemptions in a component during resource access. We finally show that HSTP is SRP-compliant and applies to existing synchronization protocols for HSFs(1).

关键词： Hierarchical scheduling frameworks dependability resource sharing synchronization temporal isolation Resource sharing Interleukin-6 real-time systems

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