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Reducing Preemptions and Migrations in real-time Multiprocessor Scheduling Algorithms by Releasing the Fairness

Reducing Preemptions and Migrations in Real-Time Multiproces...

引用

ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Geoffrey Nelissen Vandy Berten Joël Goossens Dragomir Milojevic Parallel Architectures for Real-Time Systems (PARTS) Research Center Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB) Brussels Belgium

Abstract-Over the past two decades, numerous optimal scheduling algorithms for real-time systems on multiprocessor platforms have been proposed for the Liu & Layland task model. However, recent studies showed that even if optimal algorithms can theoretically schedule any feasible task set, suboptimal algorithms usually perform better when executed on real computation platforms. this can be explained by the runtime overheads that such optimal algorithms induce. We have observed that all current optimal online multiprocessor real-time scheduling algorithms are (completely or partially) based on the notion of fairness. the respect of this fairness can be the cause of numerous preemptions and migrations. We therefore propose a new algorithm -named U-EDF- which releases the property of fairness and instead use an EDF-like scheduling policy. the simulation results are really encouraging since they show that, in average, U-EDF produces less than one preemption and one migration per job released during the schedule. Furthermore, we strongly believe in the optimality of our algorithm since all tested task sets were correctly scheduled under U-EDF.

关键词： Schedules Program processors Electrocardiography real time systems Optimal scheduling Scheduling algorithm Algorithm design and analysis

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HW Resource Componentizing for Addressing the Mega-complexity of Cyber-physical systems

HW Resource Componentizing for Addressing the Mega-complexit...

引用

ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Jong-Chan Kim Kyoung-Soo We Chang-Gun Lee School of Computer Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Korea

Emerging cyber-physical systems (CPSs) demand a new computing abstraction since the traditional ones have fundamental limitations in handling the para-functional also called physical requirements of CPSs such as timeliness, reliability, and evolvability. With the traditional computing abstractions such as processes, virtual memory, etc., multiple software (SW) components share hardware (HW) resources such as CPU and memory in a competitive manner causing unpredictable interferences in the para-functional properties. this problem becomes more serious along with the ever increasing scale and complexity of newly emerging cyber-physical systems. To fundamentally solve this problem, this paper proposes a HW resource componentizing approach that chops the capacity of a HW resource into smaller ones called HW components and dedicates a HW component to each SW component. With the dedicated HW component, each SW component can be guaranteed with the isolated para-functional properties regardless of surrounding SW components. this makes the system-wide issue of validating timeliness, reliability, and evolvability into the per-component validation issue. With this vision, this paper briefly presents a spatial/temporal-division scheduling algorithm that can be generally used for componentizing various HW resources including CPU, network, and RAM.

关键词： Random access memory Scheduling algorithm Reliability real time systems Job shop scheduling Servers Educational institutions

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Hardware-Assisted Reliability Enhancement for embedded Multi-core Virtualization Design

Hardware-Assisted Reliability Enhancement for Embedded Multi...

引用

ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Tsung-Han Lin Yuki Kinebuchi Hiromasa Shimada Hitoshi Mitake Chen-Yi Lee Tatsuo Nakajima Department of Computer Science and Engineering Waseda University

In this paper, we propose a virtualization architecture for the multi-core embedded system to provide more sys-tem reliability and security while maintaining the same performance without introducing additional special hardware supports or having to implement complex protection mechanism in the virtualization layer. embedded virtualization design usually uses two kinds of approaches, traditional VMM and microkernel approaches, but both of them suffer from performance or engineering cost problems. To achieve better reliability and keep the virtualization layer design light weighted, a common hardware component called local memory adopted in the multi-core embedded processors is used in this work. By taking this memory ar-chitecture's advantage, we can mitigate above-mentioned problems at once. We choose to re-map the virtualizationlayer's program called SPUMONE, which it runs all its guest systems in kernel space, on the local memory. By doing so, it can provide additional reliability and security for the entire system because the SPUMONE's design in a multi-core platform has each instance being installed on a separated processor core, which is different from the traditional virtualization layer design, and therefore the content of each SPUMONE in the local memory is inaccessible to each others.

关键词： Multicore processing Kernel Virtual machine monitors Reliability embedded systems Hardware

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Dependable Resource Sharing for Compositional real-time systems

Dependable Resource Sharing for Compositional Real-Time Syst...

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Martijn M.H.P. van den Heuvel Reinder J. Bril Johan J. Lukkien Technische Universiteit Eindhoven Eindhoven Noord-Brabant NL Department of Mathematics and Computer Science Technische Universiteit Eindhoven (TU/e) Eindhoven AZ The Netherlands

Hierarchical scheduling frameworks (HSFs) have been extensively investigated as a paradigm for facilitating temporal isolation between components that need to be integrated on a single shared processor. In the presence of shared resources, however, temporal isolation may break when one of the accessing components executes longer than specified during global resource access. the ability to confine such temporal faults makes the HSF more dependable. As a solution we propose a stack-resource-policy (SRP)-based synchronization protocol for HSFs, named Hierarchical Synchronization protocol with Temporal Protection (HSTP). When a component exceeds its specified critical-section length, HSTP enforces a component to self-donate its own budget to accelerate the resource release. In addition, a component that blocks on a locked resource may donate budget. the schedulability of those components that are independent of the locked resource is unaffected. HSTP efficiently limits the propagation of temporal faults to resource-sharing components by disabling local preemptions in a component during resource access. We finally show that HSTP is SRP-compliant and applies to existing synchronization protocols for HSFs.

关键词： Protocols Synchronization Resource management Quality of service real time systems Reliability

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Resource-Efficient real-time Scheduling Using Credit-Controlled Static-Priority Arbitration

Resource-Efficient Real-Time Scheduling Using Credit-Control...

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Firew Siyoum Benny Akesson Sander Stuijk Kees Goossens Henk Corporaal Department of Electrical Engineering Eindhoven University of Technology

A present-day System-on-Chip (SoC) runs a wide range of applications with diverse real-time requirements. Resources, such as processors, interconnects and memories, are shared between these applications to reduce cost. Resource sharing causes temporal interference, which must be bounded by a suitable resource arbiter. System-level analysis techniques use the service guarantee of the arbiter to ensure that real-time requirements of these applications are satisfied. A service guarantee that underestimates the minimum service provided by an arbiter results in more allocation of resources than needed to satisfy latency and throughput requirements. For instance, a linear service guarantee cannot accurately capture burst service provision by many priority-based schedulers, such as Credit-Controlled Static Priority (CCSP) and Priority-Budget Scheduling (PBS). As a result, the timing analysis of these arbiters becomes too pessimistic. this leads to unnecessary cost penalties since some SoC resources, such as SDRAM bandwidth, are scarce and expensive. this paper addresses this problem for the CCSP arbiter. the two main contributions are: (1) a piecewise linear service guarantee that accurately captures bursty service provisioning, and (2) an equivalent dataflow model of the new service guarantee, which is an essential component to integrate the arbiter with dataflow-based system-level design techniques that analyze the worst-case latency and throughput of real-time applications. the new service guarantee enables efficient resource utilization under CCSP arbitration. Experimental results of an H.263 video decoder application show that memory bandwidth savings from 26% up to 67% can be achieved by using the new service guarantee as compared to the existing linear service guarantee.

关键词： Resource management Equations real time systems Mathematical model throughput System-on-a-chip Interference

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High impact blow detection over a reactive Mobile-Cloud Framework

High impact blow detection over a reactive Mobile-Cloud Fram...

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international conference on e-health Networking, applications and Services (HealthCom)

作者： Eric Luster Hong Wu Elodie Billionniere School of Computing Informatics and Decision Systems Engineering Arizona State University Tempe Arizona U.S.A.

Brain injury is quite common in athletes due to the frequent and high level of impact, especially in football and hockey. One of the most challenging problems faced by medical personnel responsible for the health care of athletes is the recognition and management of concussions [1, 2]. With the advancements in sensor technology, medical imaging, mobile devices, wireless communications, and cloud computing, we have opportunities to monitor and analyze the impact between athletes in real time. the research will assist team doctors to immediately identify head injuries among athletes and drive the development of new technology to be used for protecting the athletes more efficiently. We propose a Reactive Mobile Cloud-based framework that will be utilized to effectively manage both the textual and image data in DICOM format; allowing us to create a repository of information on each player throughout the length of their career.

关键词： Mobile communication DICOM Mobile handsets Medical diagnostic imaging Cloud computing Brain injuries

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A thread Speed Control Scheme for real-time Microprocessors

A Thread Speed Control Scheme for Real-Time Microprocessors

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Kohei Matsumoto Hiroyuki Umeo Nobuyuki Yamasaki Department of Computer Science Keio University Yokohama Japan

real-time execution of applications is one of key requirements for Cyber-Physical systems (CPS) that integrate computational and physical elements for our social infrastructure, such as robotics, transportation, and consumer appliances. In such real-time systems, a task must be executed so as not to violate given time constraints. Moreover, it is desirable that the execution time of the task is predictable precisely. When Out-of-Order (OoO) execution is adopted for real-time systems to enhance the performance, it is much difficult to predict execution time because of the feature of OoO execution. In order to deal with this problem, various schemes were proposed such as IPC control mechanism of Responsive Multithreaded (RMT) Processor. RMT Processor is a real-time microprocessor adopting simultaneous multithreading (SMT) architecture with OoO execution. Its IPC control mechanism which tries to adjust the number of instruction commits to meet a given target IPC. the IPC control scheme can be implemented not only on RMT Processor but also on various processors and can improve the predictability of execution time. However, if an error between target and actual IPCs is observed, it cannot cancel the error in the next control window, which is used in the control mechanism. Since such uncorrected errors are accumulated in the successive control window, the predictability of the execution time is degraded gradually. To overcome this problem, in this paper, we propose a thread speed control scheme for real-time microprocessors. this scheme is based on the IPC control mechanism on RMT Processor. Our proposed thread speed control scheme calculates an error between reference and actual IPCs, then it dynamically updates the reference IPC of the next control window in order to cancel the past errors. Our proposed scheme is designed and implemented on RMT Processor. the simulation results show that the error is reduced to 2.60 × 10 -5 % in case that four threads are executed simu

关键词： Velocity control Instruction sets real time systems Clocks Process control Registers Computer architecture

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real-time stereoscopic streaming of robotic surgeries

Real-time stereoscopic streaming of robotic surgeries

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international conference on e-health Networking, applications and Services (HealthCom)

作者： Jiri Navratil Milan Sarek Sven Ubik Jiri Halak Petr Zejdl Pavel Peciva Jan Schraml CESNET Czech Republic CESNET CTU Czech Republic Masaryk Hospital Czech Republic

Modern robotic surgery using stereoscopic video views of surgical elements can also enable novel E-health applications, such as remote medical students training or presentations of surgical procedures on symposia. the requirement is that such video signals are transmitted remotely in high quality and low latency. In this paper we describe our experience with real-time long distance stereoscopic transmissions of robotic surgeries using a system for low latency streaming over packet networks that we have developed.

关键词： Streaming media Surgery real time systems Stereo image processing High definition video Robots three dimensional displays

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real-time Intrusion Detection and Tracking in Indoor Environment through Distributed RSSI Processing

Real-Time Intrusion Detection and Tracking in Indoor Environ...

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Ossi Kaltiokallio Maurizio Bocca Department of Automation and Systems Technology Aalto University School of Electrical Engineering Helsinki Finland

In the context of wireless sensor networks, the received signal strength indicator has been traditionally exploited for localization, distance estimation, and link quality assessment. Recent research has shown that, in indoor environments where nodes have been deployed, variations of the signal strength can be exploited to detect movements of persons. Moreover, the time histories of the received signal strength indicator of multiple links allow reconstructing the paths followed by the persons inside the monitored area. this approach, though effective, requires the transmission of multiple, raw received signal strength indicator time histories to a central sink node for off-line analysis. this consistently increases the latency and power consumption of the system. this work aims at applying distributed processing of the received signal strength indicator for indoor surveillance purposes. through distributed processing, the nodes are able to autonomously detect and localize moving per-sons. the latency and power consumption of the system are minimized by transmitting to the sink node only the alerts related to significant events. Moreover, power consumption is further reduced through a high accuracy time synchronization protocol, which allows the nodes to keep the radio off for 60% of the time. During the tests, the system was able to detect the intrusion of a person walking inside the monitored area and to correctly track his movements in real-time with a 0.22 m average error. Possible applications of this application include surveillance of critical areas in buildings, enhancement of workers safety in factories, support to emergency workers or police forces in locating people e.g. during fires, hostage situations or terrorist attacks.

关键词： Synchronization Monitoring Accuracy real time systems Wireless sensor networks Power demand Intrusion detection

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Energy-Aware Partitioned Fixed-Priority Scheduling for Chip Multi-processors

Energy-Aware Partitioned Fixed-Priority Scheduling for Chip ...

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Arvind Kandhalu Junsung Kim Karthik Lakshmanan Ragunathan Rajkumar Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh USA Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA US

Energy management is becoming an increasingly important problem in application domains ranging from embedded devices to data centers. In many such systems, multi-core processors are projected as a promising technology to achieve improved performance with a lower power envelope. Managing the application power consumption under timing constraints poses significant challenges in these emerging platforms. In this paper, we study the energy-efficient scheduling of periodic real time tasks with implicit deadlines on chip multi-core processors (CMPs). We specifically consider processors with a single voltage and clock frequency domain, such as the state-of-the-art embedded multi-core NVIDIA Tegra 2processor and enterprise-class processors such as Intel'sItanium 2, i5, i7 and IBM's Power 6 and Power 7series. the major contributions of this work are (i)we prove that Worst-Fit-Decreasing (WFD) task partitioning when Rate-Monotonic Scheduling (RMS) is used has an approximation ratio of 1.71 for the problem of minimizing the schedulable operating frequency with partitioned fixed-priority scheduling, (ii) we illustrate the major shortcoming of WFD with RMS resulting from not considering task periods during allocation, and(iii) we propose a Single-clock domain multi-processor Frequency Assignment Algorithm (SFAA) that determines a globally energy-efficient frequency while including task period relationships. Our evaluation results show that SFAA provides significant energy gains when compared to WFD. In fact SFAA is shown to save up to 55% more power compared to WFD for an octa-core processor.

关键词： Program processors Partitioning algorithms Multicore processing real time systems Processor scheduling Clocks Energy consumption

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