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15th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications

作者： Gu, Ji Guo, Hui Li, Patrick Univ New S Wales Sch Engn & Comp Sci Sydney NSW 2052 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9780769537870

the on-chip instruction cache is a potential power hungry component in embedded systems due to its large chip area and high access-frequency. Aiming at reducing power consumption of the on-chip cache, we proposed a Reduced One-Bit Tag Instruction Cache (ROBTIC), where the cache size is judiciously reduced and the cache tag field only contains the least significant bit of the full tag. We developed a cache operational control scheme for ROBTIC so that with the one-bit cache tag, the program locality can still be efficiently exploited. For applications where most of the memory accesses are localized, our cache is able to achieve similar performance as a traditional full-tag cache;however, the power consumption of the cache can be significantly reduced due to the much smaller cache size, narrower tag array (just one bit), and tinier tag comparison circuit being used. the experiments on a set of benchmarks demonstrate that our approach can reduce up to 25.8% power consumption and 30.9% area of the traditional cache when the cache size is fixed at 32 instructions. With the cache size customization, a further 48% power saving can be achieved.

关键词： Electric power utilization

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Overrun and Skipping in Hierarchically Scheduled real-time systems

Overrun and Skipping in Hierarchically Scheduled Real-Time S...

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15th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications

作者： Behnam, Moris Nolte, thomas Asberg, Mikael Bril, Reinder J. Malardalen Real Time Res Ctr POB 883 SE-72123T Vasteras Sweden Tech Univ Eindhoven NL-5612 AZ Eindhoven Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9780769537870

Recently, two SRP-based synchronization protocols fir hierarchically scheduled real-time systems based on Fixed-Priority Preemptive Scheduling (FPPS) have been presented, i.e., HSRP [9] and SIRAP [4]. Preventing depletion of budget during global resource access, the former implements an overrun mechanism, while the later exploits a skipping mechanism. A theoretical comparison of the performance of these mechanisms revealed that none of them was superior to the other;as their performance is heavily dependent on the systemic parameters. To better understand the relative strengths and weaknesses of these mechanisms, this paper presents a comparative evaluation of the depletion prevention mechanisms overrun (with or without payback) and skipping. these mechanisms are investigated in detail and the corresponding system load imposed by these mechanisms is explored in a simulation study. the mechanisms are evaluated assuming FPPS and a periodic resource model [23]. the periodic resource model is selected as it supports locality of schedulability analysis, allowing for a truthful comparison of the mechanisms. Given system characteristics, guiding the design of hierarchically scheduled real-time systems, the results of this paper indicate when one mechanism is better than the other and how a system should be configured in order to operate efficiently.

关键词： real time systems

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Pinpointing Interrupts in embedded real-time systems Using Hashed Execution Contexts

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ieee TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS 2009年第3期5卷 257-266页

作者： Sundmark, Daniel Ermedahl, Andreas Starner, Johan Malardalen Univ Sch Innovat Design & Engn S-77246 Vasteras Sweden

Cyclic debugging is the process of iteratively re-executing a failed execution in order to determine the cause of the failure, i.e., the bug. In this process, being able to correctly reproduce the faulty execution is an absolute necessity. In sequential, deterministic, non-real-time software, this reproducibility is inherent. However, when the execution is preempted by interrupts, this has severe effects on program reproducibility, since, during the reproduction, it is required for interrupts to occur at the exact same instructions. Previously, this problem has been solved using instruction counters, that induce large execution-time perturbations, or by special hardware solutions which impose a risk of inexact results. In this paper, we propose an alternative method for pinpointing interrupts using hashed values of selected parts of the program execution context. Although our method in some cases can be ambiguous, we show that it serves as a pragmatic method for pinpointing and reproducing interrupts in embedded real-time systems. Moreover, our method does not rely on special hardware or compilers, is simple to implement and use, and requires little execution-time and memory.

关键词： Debugging aids real-time systems and embedded systems

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A Compositional Scheduling Framework for Digital Avionics systems

A Compositional Scheduling Framework for Digital Avionics Sy...

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15th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications

作者： Easwaran, Arvind Lee, Insup Sokolsky, Oleg Vestal, Steve Polytech Inst Porto CISTER IPP HURRAY Oporto Portugal Univ Penn Dept CIS Philadelphia PA 19104 USA Boston Sci Boston MA 55112 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780769537870

ARINC specification 653-2 describes the interface between application software and underlying middleware in a distributed real-time avionics system. the real-time workload in this system comprises of partitions, where each partition consists of one or more processes. Processes incur blocking and preemption overheads and can communicate with other processes in the system. In this work we develop compositional techniques for automated scheduling of such partitions and processes. At present, system designers manually schedule partitions based on interactions they have with the partition vendors. this approach is not only time consuming, but can also result in under utilization of resources. In contrast, the technique proposed in this paper is a principled approach for scheduling ARINC-653 partitions and therefore should facilitate system integration.

关键词： Scheduling

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A*-Based Task Assignment Algorithm for Context-Aware Mobile Patient Monitoring systems

A*-Based Task Assignment Algorithm for Context-Aware Mobile ...

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15th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications

作者： Mei, Hailiang van Beijnum, Bert-Jan Pawar, Pravin Widya, Ing Hermens, Hermie Univ Twente Telemed Grp Fac Elect Engn Math & Comp Sci NL-7500 AE Enschede Netherlands

ISBN: (纸本)9780769537870

Mobile Patient Monitoring System (MPMS) is positioned to provide high quality healthcare services in the near future. the gap between its application demands and resource supplies, however, still remains and may hinder this process. Dynamic context-aware adaptation mechanisms are required in order to meet the stringent requirements on such mission critical applications. the fundamental model underlying an MPMS includes a set of biosignal data processing tasks distributed across a set of networked devices. In our earlier work, we designed and validated a task distribution framework to support dynamic system reconfiguration of MPMS by means of task redistribution. this paper focuses on its decision-making component that can calculate the optimal task assignment by taking into account the reconfiguration costs. this paper has three major contributions. Firstly, we study a context-aware scenario and derive the design requirements for a task assignment algorithm in MPMS. Secondly, using a graph-based system model, we proposed an A*-based task assignment algorithm that minimizes the system end-to-end delay while guaranteeing required system battery lifetime and availability. We introduce a set of node expansion rules and a pre-processing procedure to calculate the heuristic function (h(n)). thirdly, we evaluate the algorithm performance with experiments and compare this A*-based algorithm with other heuristic approaches, e.g. greedy and bounded A*.

关键词： context-aware task assignment algorithm mobile patient monitoring system battery lifetime availability end-to-end delay A* algorithm dynamic reconfiguration

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Simple Asynchronous Remote Invocations for Distributed real-time Java

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ieee TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS 2009年第3期5卷 289-298页

作者： Val, P. Basanta Garcia-Valls, M. Estevez-Ayres, I. Univ Carlos III Madrid Dept Telemat Engn Madrid 28911 Spain

More and more, the use of real-time distribution middlewares programmed with high-level languages like Java is becoming of interest for industrial systems because this type of infrastructures reduce development efforts required to both design and maintain complex networked applications. In that way towards having better development tools, this paper deals with the very specific issue of the asynchronism from the particular perspective of Java's distributed technologies. It proposes and evaluates an extension to the Java's Remote Method Invocation (RMI) with additional support for asynchronous remote invocations. Such a mechanism makes the transmission of some messages, typically those that do not require any confirmation from the server, much more efficient than synchronous communications, and consequently they optimize and speed up the performance of many industrial networked applications. In more detail, this paper concerns with the model itself and the set of changes it requires within their middleware programming interfaces and inside communication protocols to accommodate the proposed model. the proposal is supported by empirical evidences from a prototype developed as partial proof-of-concept.

关键词： Distributed real-time Java real-time Java middleware real-time systems RT-remote method invocation (RMI)

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QoS-Aware real-time Composition Algorithms for Service-Based applications

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ieee TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS 2009年第3期5卷 278-288页

作者： Estevez-Ayres, Iria Basanta-Val, Pablo Garcia-Valls, Marisol Fisteus, Jesus A. Almeida, Luis Univ Carlos III Madrid Dept Telemat Engn Madrid 28911 Spain Univ Porto Sch Engn Dept Elect & Comp Engn P-4200465 Oporto Portugal

this paper presents a model for quality-of-service (QoS)-aware service composition in distributed systems with real-time and fault-tolerance requirements. this model can be applied in application domains like, for example, remote monitoring, control and surveillance. Classic approaches to real-time systems do not provide the flexibility and fault-tolerance required in new emerging environments that need to combine a high degree of dynamism with temporal predictability. Our approach addresses these new challenges by combining concepts from the service oriented paradigm and distributed real-time systems. We propose a concrete system model based on a holistic time-triggered-based approach for design and configuration. Based on this model, we propose two algorithms for the composition of QoS-aware service-based applications with temporal requirements: an exhaustive algorithm that computes the optimal service combination in terms of a figure of merit, suitable for offline composition;and an improved algorithm based on heuristics and partial figures of merit, suitable for online composition. Experimental results show that the latter reduces dramatically the number of combinations explored with a minimal degradation in the quality of the solution, making it feasible for online execution in dynamic environments.

关键词： Composition algorithms distributed systems real-time systems service oriented architectures (SOAs)

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Hardware Acceleration for Conditional State-Based Communication Scheduling on real-time Ethernet

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ieee TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL INFORMATICS 2009年第3期5卷 325-337页

作者： Fischmeister, Sebastian Trausmuth, Robert Lee, Insup Univ Waterloo Dept Elect & Comp Engn Waterloo ON N2L 3G1 Canada Univ Appl Sci Wiener Neustadt Austria Univ Penn Dept Comp & Informat Sci Philadelphia PA 19104 USA

Distributed real-time applications implement distributed applications with timeliness requirements. Such systems require a deterministic communication medium with bounded communication delays. Ethernet is a widely used commodity network with many appliances and network components and represents a natural fit for real-time application;unfortunately, standard Ethernet provides no bounded communication delays. Conditional state-based communication schedules provide expressive means for specifying and executing with choice points, while staying verifiable. Such schedules implement an arbitration scheme and provide the developer with means to fit the arbitration scheme to the application demands instead of requiring the developer to tweak the application to fit a predefined scheme. An evaluation of this approach as software prototypes showed that jitter and execution overhead may diminish the gains. this work successfully addresses this problem with a synthesized soft processor. We present results around the development of the soft processor, the design choices, and the measurements on throughput and robustness.

关键词： Networks programmable hardware real-time systems time-division multiaccess

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Implementing Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm in FPGA for embedded real-time applications

Implementing Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization Alg...

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4th international conference on Computer Sciences and Convergence Information Technology

作者： Chai, Zhilei Sun, Jun Cai, Rui Xu, Wenbo Jiangnan Univ Sch Informat Technol Wuxi Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781424452446

Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization (QPSO) algorithm is the algorithm proposed by our group to improve traditional PSOs. Comparing with traditional PSOs, the QPSO has better global-convergence and fewer parameters. Both PSO and QPSO were generally considered to have high requirement for the computing platform;hence, it is thought impractical to employ them into resource-constrained embedded real-time systems. However, with the development of FPGA technology, recently many complex algorithms were implemented in FPGA to get high computing performance for the embedded real-time applications. In this paper, a micro-architecture specific for QPSO suited to be implemented in a low-end FPGA is proposed. Furthermore, this micro-architecture is designed with reconfigurability to meet different requirements on computing performance and resource consumption.

关键词： PSO(Particle Swarm Optimization) QPSO(Quantum-behaved Particle Swarm Optimization) FPGA(Field Programmable Gate Arrays) embedded real-time systems computing performance

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A low-memory management for log-based file systems on flash memory

A low-memory management for log-based file systems on flash ...

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15th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications, RTCSA 2009

作者： Yang, Shun-Fa Wu, Chin-Hsien Department of Electronic Engineering National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taipei Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9780769537870

Flash memory has become a popular device due to its huge-capacity, low-power consumption, non-volatility, and shock-resistance. A flash-memory storage system has replaced a hard-disk drive in many applications, especially in embedded systems. Recently, the implementation of file systems on flash-memory storage systems has become an important research topic. How to efficiently manage files and handle file accesses becomes an important issue. In this paper, we will propose a low-memory management for log-based file systems on flash memory. the experimental results show that the proposed method can provide reasonable performance under a low-memory environment. © 2009 ieee.

关键词： Flash memory

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