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Pay-Burst-Only-Once in real-time Calculus

Pay-Burst-Only-Once in Real-Time Calculus

引用

ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Yue Tang Yuming Jiang Xu Jiang Nan Guan The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong Norwegian University of Science and Technology Norway

real-time Calculus (RTC) is a powerful framework for modeling and analyzing complex networked real-time systems. RTC builds up on and shares many similarities with Network Calculus (NC), but some concepts are not completely the same in RTC and NC. One of the most important properties in NC is pay-burst-only-once, which can improve the precision of end-to-end performance analysis. Naturally, people would expect the pay-burst-only-once property to also hold in RTC. In fact, some existing work has used it in some performance analysis problems. Unfortunately, the pay-burst-only-once property has never been proved in RTC. there are even some results seeming to be against the pay-burst-only-once property in RTC. In this paper, we prove that the pay-burst-only-once property indeed holds in RTC.

关键词： Delays Calculus real-time systems Analytical models Performance analysis Algebra Queueing analysis

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Hierarchical Attention-Based Anomaly Detection Model for embedded Operating systems 24

Hierarchical Attention-Based Anomaly Detection Model for Emb...

引用

24th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Ezeme, Mellitus O. Mahmoud, Qusay H. Azim, Akramul Univ Ontario Inst Technol Dept Elect Comp & Software Engn Oshawa ON Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781538677599

real-time embedded system applications have become pervasive, and with the increasing reliance on automated systems for both critical and non-critical tasks, the trend is set to continue. this growing reliance on real-time embedded systems, as well as the rise in the complexity of these systems, demands an efficient monitoring tool that takes the complex interactions in the system into consideration. these systems are well-specified, and there exists standard error or fault detection mechanism to detect when an anomaly occurs in the applications controlling the operation. Nonetheless, these anomaly detection mechanisms gather information about the behavior of the software against its intended goals through the use of plausibility checks which rely on a priori knowledge of the application behavior. this kind of test raises two issues: (1) there should be a complete characterization of the software to derive the redundant information needed for plausibility checks, (2) this test focuses mainly on detecting errors/faults/anomalies in a single application with no regard to other entities in the integrated system. On the other hand, an embedded real-time system (fitted with an operating system) usually has the operating system and the integrated application statically linked to produce a single executable image. this bespoke nature of the embedded real-time system design means that the kernel traces reflect the behavior of the application and the associated hardware components at every point in time. Consequently, detecting deviations in the kernel trace invariably imply system-wide anomaly detection in the associated application and hardware. thus, this paper targets anomaly not just in the application layer, but also in other layers that make up the real-time embedded system. therefore, we introduce a hierarchical attention-based anomaly detection (HAbAD) model based on stacked Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks with Attention. It is a closed-world prediction-class

关键词： embedded systems Anomaly detection real-time systems Feature extraction Kernel Data models

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Scheduling real-time HiL Co-simulation of Cyber-Physical systems on Multi-core Architectures 24

Scheduling Real-time HiL Co-simulation of Cyber-Physical Sys...

引用

24th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Saidi, Salah Eddine Pernet, Nicolas Sorel, Yves IFP Energies Nouvelles Rueil Malmaison France INRIA Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781538677599

When designing complex cyber-physical systems, engineers have to integrate numerical models from different modeling environments in order to simulate the whole system and estimate its global performances. Co-simulation refers to such joint simulation of heterogeneous models. If some parts of the system are physically available, it is possible to connect these parts to the co-simulation in a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) approach. In this case, the simulation has to be performed in real-time where models execution consists in periodically reacting to the real (physically available) components and providing periodic output updates. this paper deals with the parallelization and scheduling of real-time Hardware-in-the-Loop co-simulation of numerical models on multi-core architectures. A method for defining real-time constraints that have to be met is proposed. Also, an ILP formulation as well as a heuristic are proposed to solve the problem of scheduling the co-simulation on a multi-core architecture while satisfying the previously defined real-time constraints. the proposed approach is evaluated for different sizes of co-simulations and multi-core processors.

关键词： co-simulation HiL scheduling real-time multi-core

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Partitioned Scheduling for Dependency Graphs in Multiprocessor real-time systems

Partitioned Scheduling for Dependency Graphs in Multiprocess...

引用

ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Junjie Shi Niklas Ueter Georg von der Brüggen Jian-Jia Chen TU Dortmund University Germany

Effectively handling precedence constraints and resource synchronization is a challenging problem in the era of multiprocessor systems even with massively parallel computation power. One common approach is to apply list scheduling to a given task graph with precedence constraints. However, in some application scenarios, such as the OpenMP task model and multiprocessor partitioned scheduling for resource synchronization using binary semaphores, several operations can be forced to be tied to the same processor, which invalidates the list scheduling. this paper studies a special case of this challenging scheduling problem, where a task comprised of (at most) three subtasks is executed sequentially on the same processor and the second subtasks of the tasks may have sequential dependencies, e.g., due to synchronization. We demonstrate the limits of existing algorithms and provide effective heuristics considering preemptive execution. the evaluation results show a significant improvement, compared to the existing multiprocessor partitioned scheduling strategies.

关键词： Task analysis Processor scheduling real-time systems Synchronization Partitioning algorithms Schedules Protocols

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Analysis of Deadline Miss Rates for Uniprocessor Fixed-Priority Scheduling 24

Analysis of Deadline Miss Rates for Uniprocessor Fixed-Prior...

引用

24th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Chen, Kuan-Hsun von der Brueggen, Georg Chen, Jian-Jia TU Dortmund Univ Dept Informat Dortmund Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781538677599

timeliness is an important feature for many embedded systems. Although soft real-time embedded systems can tolerate and allow certain deadline misses, it is still important to quantify them to justify whether the considered systems are acceptable. In this paper, we provide a way to safely over-approximate the expected deadline miss rate for a specific sporadic real-time task under fixed-priority preemptive scheduling in uniprocessor systems. Our approach is compatible with the existing results in the literature that calculate the probability of deadline misses either based on the convolution-based approaches or analytically. We demonstrate our approach by considering randomly generated task sets with an execution behavior that simulates jobs that are subjected to soft errors incurred by hardware transient faults under a given fault rate. To empirically gather the deadline miss rates, we implemented an event-based simulator with a fault-injection module and release the scripts. With extensive simulations under different fault rates, we evaluate the efficiency and the pessimism of our approach. the evaluation results show that our approach is effective to derive an upper bound of the expected deadline miss rate and efficient with respect to the required computation time.

关键词： Soft real-time systems Deadline Miss Rate

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Improving Security for time-Triggered real-time systems with Task Replication 24

Improving Security for Time-Triggered Real-Time Systems with...

引用

24th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Krueger, Kristin Fohler, Gerhard Voelp, Marcus Esteves-Verissimo, Paulo Tech Univ Kaiserslautern Elect & Comp Engn Kaiserslautern Germany Univ Luxembourg SnT Interdisciplinary Ctr Secur Reliabil & Trust Luxembourg Luxembourg

ISBN: (纸本)9781538677599

time-triggered real-time systems achieve deterministic behaviour, making them suitable for safety-critical environments. However, this determinism also allows attackers to finetune attacks after studying the system behaviour through side channels, targeting safety-critical victim tasks. Assuming fault independence, replication tolerates both random and malicious faults of up to f replicas. Yet, directed attacks violate the fault independence assumption. this violation possibly gives attackers the edge to compromise more than f replicas simultaneously, in particular if they can mount the attack from already compromised components. In this paper, we sketch mitigation strategies for time-triggered systems with task replication to withstand directed timing attacks and show preliminary results on their effectiveness and practicality.

关键词： real-time systems security side-channel attack

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Worst-Case Reaction time Optimization on Deterministic Multi-Core Architectures with Synchronous Languages

Worst-Case Reaction Time Optimization on Deterministic Multi...

引用

ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Nicolas Hili Alain Girault Éric Jenn IRT Saint-Exupéry Toulouse France CNRS Univ. Grenoble Alpes. Inria Grenoble France Thales AVS Toulouse France

In this paper, we propose a new approach for the predictability and optimality of the inter-core communication and execution of tasks allocated on different cores of multicore architectures. Our approach is based on the execution of synchronous programs written in the ForeC programming language on deterministic architectures called PREcision timed. the originality of the work resides in the time-triggered model of computation and communication that allows for a very precise control over the thread execution. Synchronization is done via configurable time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) arbitrations where the optimal size and offset of the time slots are computed to reduce the inter-core synchronization costs. We implemented a robotic application and simulated it using MORSE, a robotic simulation environment. Results show that the model we propose guarantees time-predictable inter-core communication, the absence of concurrent accesses (without relying on hardware mechanisms), and allows for optimized execution throughput.

关键词： Instruction sets time division multiple access Multicore processing real-time systems Computational modeling Task analysis

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Exploring Practical Limitations of Joint Routing and Scheduling for TSN with ILP 24

Exploring Practical Limitations of Joint Routing and Schedul...

引用

24th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Falk, Jonathan Duerr, Frank Rothermel, Kurt Univ Stuttgart Inst Parallel & Distributed Syst Stuttgart Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781538677599

ieee 802.1Q networks with extensions for time-sensitive networking aim to enable converged networks. Converged networks support hard-real time communication services in addition to the currently supported services classes. real-time communication in these networks requires routes and schedules for the real-time transmissions. We present a formulation in the integer linear programming (ILP) framework which models the joint routing and scheduling problem for flows of periodic real-time transmissions in converged TSN networks. In the joint routing and scheduling problem, both routes and schedules for real-time transmissions are computed in one step, i.e. we do not schedule over predefined routes. We explore the practical limitations of this approach by evaluating the runtime of problem instances with widely varying parameters with a state-of-the-art ILP solver. the observed solver runtimes indicate the qualitative impact of the number of real-time flows, the size of the network, the transmission frequency of real-time transmissions, and the network topology.

关键词： real-time systems Schedules Switches Routing Delays Logic gates Processor scheduling

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STGM: Spatio-Temporal GPU Management for real-time Tasks

STGM: Spatio-Temporal GPU Management for Real-Time Tasks

引用

ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Sujan Kumar Saha Yecheng Xiang Hyoseung Kim University of Florida University of California

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have been considered as a promising technology to address the high computational demands of real-time data-intensive applications. Today's embedded processors already offer on-chip GPUs, the use of which can greatly help satisfy the timing requirements of realtime tasks by accelerating their execution. However, existing GPU management schemes either underutilize the GPU due to strictly serialized execution or introduce non-deterministic delay caused by uncontrolled concurrent execution. In this paper, we present a spatial-temporal GPU management framework that controls the allocation and sharing of GPU's internal execution engines, e.g., streaming multiprocessors in Nvidia architectures, with analytical bounds. this approach allows multiple GPU-using tasks to simultaneously execute on the GPU, thereby improving GPU utilization and reducing the worst-case response time. Also, it can improve temporal isolation by allocating a portion of GPU execution engines to tasks for their exclusive use. We have examined the feasibility of our framework on two Nvidia GPUs: GTX970 and AGX Xavier. Experimental results with randomly-generated tasksets indicate that our framework yields a significant benefit in schedulability compared to the existing real-time GPU management approaches.

关键词： Graphics processing units Task analysis Kernel real-time systems Engines Timing Resource management

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An Adaptive Computation Framework of Distributed Deep Learning Models for Internet-of-things applications 24

An Adaptive Computation Framework of Distributed Deep Learni...

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24th ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Cheng, Mu-Hsuan Sun, QiHui Tu, Chia-Heng Natl Cheng Kung Univ Tainan 70101 Taiwan

ISBN: (纸本)9781538677599

We propose the computation framework that facilitates the inference of the distributed deep learning model to be performed collaboratively by the devices in a distributed computing hierarchy. For example, in Internet-of-things (IoT) applications, the three-tier computing hierarchy consists of end devices, gateways, and server(s), and the model inference could be done adaptively by one or more computing tiers from the bottom to the top of the hierarchy. By allowing the trained models to run on the actually distributed systems, which has not done by the previous work, the proposed framework enables the co-design of the distributed deep learning models and systems. In particular, in addition to the model accuracy, which is the major concern for the model designers, we found that as various types of computing platforms are present in IoT applications fields, measuring the delivered performance of the developed models on the actual systems is also critical to making sure that the model inference does not cost too much time on the end devices. Furthermore, the measured performance of the model (and the system) would be a good input to the model/system design in the next design cycle, e.g., to determine a better mapping of the network layers onto the hierarchy tiers. On top of the framework, we have built the surveillance system for detecting objects as a case study. In our experiments, we evaluate the delivered performance of model designs on the two-tier computing hierarchy, and show the advantages of the adaptive inference computation. We believe that the enablement of the performance evaluation expedites the design process of the distributed deep learning models/systems.

关键词： Distributed systems design distributed deep learning models design parallel computing Internet-of-things applications embedded devices OpenCL accelerations MQTT

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