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An Efficient Technique for Chip Temperature Optimization of Multiprocessor systems in the Dark Silicon Era

An Efficient Technique for Chip Temperature Optimization of ...

引用

ieee international conference on High Performance computing and Communications (HPCC)

作者： Mengquan Li Juan Yi Weichen Liu Wei Zhang Lei Yang Edwin H.-M. Sha College of Computer Science Chongqing University Chongqing China Dept. of Electronic and Computer Engineering Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Hong Kong SAR China Chongqing University Chongqing Sichuan CN

In the dark silicon era, a fundamental problem is: given a real-time computation demand represented by a set of independent applications with their own power consumption, how to determine if an on-chip multiprocessor system is able to respond to this demand and maintain its reliability by keeping every core within the safe temperature range. In this paper, we first present a novel thermal model for the prediction of chip peak temperature assuming the application-to-core mapping is determined. the mathematical model combines linearized steady-state thermal model with empirical scaling factors to achieve significantly improved accuracy and running efficiency. Based on it, a MILP-based approach is presented to find the optimal application-to-core assignment such that the computation demand is met and the chip temperature is minimized. At last, if the minimized temperature still exceeds the safe temperature threshold, a novel heuristic algorithm, called temperature threshold-aware result handling (TTRH), is proposed to drop certain applications selectively from immediate execution, and lower the chip peak temperature to the safety threshold. Extensive performance evaluation shows that the MILP-based approach can reduce the chip peak temperature by 9.1 o C on average compared to traditional techniques. TTRH algorithm can further lower the chip peak temperature by 1.38° C on average with the application dropping rate of less than 4.35%.

关键词： Power demand Temperature Silicon Mathematical model Temperature sensors thermal resistance

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Quantitative comparison of lossless video compression for multi-camera stereo and view interpolation applications

Quantitative comparison of lossless video compression for mu...

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Annual ieee Northeast Workshop on Circuits and systems (NEWCAS)

作者： Yu Bao Bart Stukken Jef Stals Caikou Chen Luc Claesen Hasselt University Diepenbeek Belgium Communication Eng. Yangzhou University China

Computational video multi-camera systems allow novel applications such as stereo-vision and view interpolation. the computational- as well as communication and storage requirements for real-time multi-camera video are huge. High quality stereo- and view interpolation applications require the accurate combination of detailed image features in two or more cameras. the use of lossy video compression algorithms often lowers the accuracy of small details and textures that are probably not noticeable by a human viewer, but that are crucial in disparity calculations, matching, video stitching and 3D model synthesis. this paper makes a quantitative comparison of two lossless video compression methods. the intention is to use them for efficient implementation in System-on-Chip (SoC) architectures in computational camera systems. the methods compared are based on predictive-corrective compression and Huffman encoding as well as derived methods. For efficient hardware implementation alternative methods for the use of the Huffman coding are investigated. the comparison includes the use of Huffman encoding parameters from previous frames in the compression of current frames.

关键词： Image coding Huffman coding Cameras Buildings Standards System-on-chip

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Formal Synthesis of Optimal RTOS

Formal Synthesis of Optimal RTOS

引用

ieee international Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security

作者： Toussaint Gautier Tigori Kabland Jean-Luc Bechennec Olivier Henri Roux IRCCyN UMR CNRS 6597

ISBN: (纸本)9781479989386

the adaptation of an operating system to an application is often needed to optimize the embedded code. Adaptation consists in removing the unneeded operating systems services and the dead code according to applications requirements. the resulting stripped operating system is smaller, safer and has better performance. this adaptation is usually done by hand for each application. As a result some dead code may remain unnoticed. the verification and the certification of the adapted operating system is difficult too: for each adaptation to an application, the certification must be redone and for the verification, a new model has to be designed with the well known gap problem between the model and the actual software. In this paper, we present a new approach based on formal methods to synthesize an Application-Specific real-time Operating System. Instead of removing services from the source code of an existing operating system, a formal model is used. All the functions of the operating system with the full control flow and control variables are modeled. According to an application model, unneeded services and part of control flow are removed from the model by using a reachability analysis. this guarantees no dead code remains. Moreover some properties may be checked on the pruned model to ensure the application behaves as expected. At last, the corresponding source code is generated from the model.

关键词： Operating systems Source code dead code reachability analysis certification Verification Legal Services

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Support vector regression based approach for key index forecasting with applications

Support vector regression based approach for key index forec...

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ieee international conference on Industrial Informatics (INDIN)

作者： Shen Yin Fang Wu Hao Luo Huijun Gao School of Astronautics Harbin Institute of Technology Heilongjiang China Institute of Automatic Control and Complex Systems University of Duisburg-Essen Duisburg Germany

With the rapid development in science and technology, data acquisition, storage and mining technology are widely applied to various fields. All aspects of people's lives are recorded as data. through the analyzing and arranging of data, people can get a lot of valuable information. In this paper, support vector machine (SVM), least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) and partial least squares (PLS) are respectively used in the field of economic research. real-time monitoring and forecasting for stock index is vital to the market. the changing trend and index of stocks are predicted according to the analysis to the history data of the stock. By combining particle swarm algorithm (PSO) algorithm and LSSVM algorithm, the parameters in the LSSVM model can be optimized. these algorithms are compared on the basis of their forecasting results.

关键词： Support vector machines Prediction algorithms Birds Accuracy Forecasting Indexes Data models

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Temperature Minimization Using Power Redistribution in embedded systems

Temperature Minimization Using Power Redistribution in Embed...

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27th international conference on VLSI Design / 13th international conference on embedded systems (VLSID)

作者： Ahmed, Rehm Ramanathan, Parameswaran Saluja, Kewal K. Univ Wisconsin Dept Elect & Comp Engn Madison WI 53706 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479925124

Due to rapidly increasing power densities in Integrated Circuits (ICs) and the resulting increases in on-chip temperatures, thermal management has become an important issue in embedded system design. this paper focuses on thermal aware scheduling of periodic real-time tasks in embedded systems. the paper exploits a concept called Total thermal Impact of a periodic task set to develop some theoretical results on thermal aware scheduling. Based on these results, the paper presents a scheduling heuristic called Power Redistribution Algorithm (PRA). the heuristic interleaves tasks with different power consumption and processor idle times in such a way that all real-time task deadlines are met and system temperature is minimized. the heuristic has small runtime complexity but results in substantial temperature reduction.

关键词： Periodic Tasks real-time/embedded systems Scheduling Temperature minimization

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Performance Isolation for real-time systems with Xen Hypervisor on Multi-cores 20

Performance Isolation for Real-time Systems with Xen Hypervi...

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20th ieee international conference on embedded and real- time computing systems and applications (RTCSA 2014).

作者： Jing, Wei Guan, Nan Yi, Wang Hatteland Display AS Stavanger Norway Northeastern Univ Beijing Peoples R China Uppsala Univ Uppsala Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781479939534

Virtualization techniques are gaining significant interests in embedded real-time system design. However, existing virtualization platforms lack strong performance isolation among virtual machines. In this work we propose a method to monitor and control the shared memory accesses of individual virtual machines on multi-core processors with Xen hypervisor, to enhance the performance isolation among virtual machines and improve the timing predictability of real-time applications. Experiments with the SPEC2006 benchmark programs are conducted to validate the proposed method.

关键词： Virtual machine

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times square - marriage of real-time and logical-time in GALS and synchronous languages 20

Times square - marriage of real-time and logical-time in GAL...

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20th ieee international conference on embedded and real- time computing systems and applications (RTCSA 2014).

作者： Park, HeeJong Malik, Avinash Salcic, Zoran Univ Auckland Dept Elect & Comp Engn Auckland 1 New Zealand

ISBN: (纸本)9781479939541

In this paper we introduce exact and non-exact real-time waits in reactive Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous (GALS) programming languages and synchronous languages as their subset. the language constructs that allow use of real-time waits are illustrated on the SystemJ GALS language. they allow system designers to explicitly use, at the specification level, not only logical time but also the real-time in order to control program execution. the introduced concepts utilize execution platforms that allow finding best and worst reaction time of a GALS or synchronous program.

关键词： Clocks Kernel Programming real-time systems Semantics Synchronization Timing devices real-time systems Semantics Language Programming Kernel semiotics Marital Relationship Marriage real time Seeds

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A Power Efficient Video Encoder using Reconfigurable Approximate Arithmetic Units

A Power Efficient Video Encoder using Reconfigurable Approxi...

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27th international conference on VLSI Design / 13th international conference on embedded systems (VLSID)

作者： Raha, Amab Jayakumar, Hrishikesh Raghunathan, Vijay Purdue Univ Sch Elect & Comp Engn W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479925124

the field of approximate computing has received significant attention from the research community in the past few years, especially in the context of various signal processing applications. Image and video compression algorithms such as JPEG, MPEG, etc., are particularly attractive candidates for approximate computing since they are tolerant of computing imprecision due to human imperceptibility, which can be exploited to realize highly power-efficient implementations of these algorithms. However, existing approximate architectures typically fix the level of hardware approximation statically and are not adaptive to input data. For example, if a fixed approximate hardware configuration is used for an MPEG encoder (i.e., a fixed level of approximation), the output quality varies greatly for different input videos. this paper addresses this issue by proposing a reconfigurable approximate architecture for MPEG encoders that optimizes power consumption while maintaining a particular PSNR threshold for any video. Experimental results show that our approach of dynamically adjusting the degree of hardware approximation based on the input video respects the given quality bound (PSNR degradation of 5-20%) across different videos while achieving a power savings of 13-18% over a conventional non-approximated MPEG encoder architecture. Although the proposed reconfigurable approximate architecture is presented for the specific case of an MPEG encoder, it can be easily extended to other DSP applications.

关键词： Approximate computing embedded systems Reconfigurable Architecture Video Encoding

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Light-PREM: Automated Software Refactoring for Predictable Execution on COTS embedded systems 20

Light-PREM: Automated Software Refactoring for Predictable E...

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20th ieee international conference on embedded and real- time computing systems and applications (RTCSA 2014).

作者： Mancuso, Renato Dudko, Roman Caccamo, Marco Univ Illinois Urbana IL 61801 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479939541

As real-time embedded systems become more complex, there is the need to build them using high performance commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. However, tasks can exhibit hard to predict worst case execution times (WCET) when executing on commodity hardware, due to contention among shared physical resources. Past work has introduced the PRedictable Execution Model (PREM) [1] to solve this issue, but unfortunately, the time required to manually refactor existing code according to this model is too high. Light-PREM proposes a novel technique that automates the refactoring process needed to convert legacy software applications to PREM-compliant code. the advantage of Light-PREM is twofold. On one side, it makes the adoption of PREM more attractive from an industrial point of view, because it significantly reduces the amount of work that is needed to generate PREM-compliant code. On the other hand, the proposed methodology is general enough to be used with any embedded software design. Experimental results show that Light-PREM significantly improves the predictability of real-time applications without requiring software engineers to gain a deep understanding about software memory usage.

关键词： Layout Memory management Predictive models Prefetching real-time systems Resource management real-time systems Store management prefetching layouts Prediction models systems re-engineering management of resources embedded systems Legal Executions Automation real-time application program

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Inserting Placeholder Slack to Improve Run-time Scheduling of Non-Preemptible real-time Tasks in Heterogeneous systems

Inserting Placeholder Slack to Improve Run-Time Scheduling o...

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27th international conference on VLSI Design / 13th international conference on embedded systems (VLSID)

作者： Tang, Hsiang-Kuo Ramanathan, Parmesh Morrow, Katherine Univ Wisconsin Elect & Comp Engn Madison WI 53706 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781479925124

this paper proposes a method to pre-schedule slack windows in a non-preemptive heterogeneous system that executes a mix of hard-periodic and soft-aperiodic tasks. the goal is to improve the acceptance rate and waiting time of aperiodic tasks without violating periodic task deadlines. the method creates an offline schedule of periodic tasks and pre-scheduled slack that models the estimated characteristics of the aperiodic tasks. At runtime, the local schedulers use this offline schedule to guide their decisions to adjust periodic task instance start times and to schedule aperiodic tasks arriving from the global scheduler. We evaluate several dynamic local schedulers. Our results show that token-based dynamic schedulers are particularly effective for reducing waiting time and increasing acceptance rate when attempting to maintain aperiodic task execution fairness.

关键词： RTOS real-time Scheduling Non-preemptive Heterogeneous System Multi-cores Fairness Token Bucket

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