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Power minimization for parallel real-time systems with malleable jobs and homogeneous frequencies

Power minimization for parallel real-time systems with malle...

引用

ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Antonio Paolillo Joël Goossens Pradeep M. Hettiarachchi Nathan Fisher PARTS Research Centre Université Libre de Bruxelles and Mangogem S.A Department of Computer Science Wayne State University

In this work, we investigate the potential benefit of parallelization for both meeting real-time constraints and minimizing power consumption. We consider malleable Gang scheduling of implicit-deadline sporadic tasks upon multiprocessors. By extending schedulability criteria for malleable jobs to DPM/DVFS-enabled multiprocessor platforms, we are able to derive an offline polynomial-time optimal processor/frequency-selection algorithm. Simulations of our algorithm on randomly generated task systems executing on platforms having up to 16 processing cores show that the theoretical power consumption is reduced by a factor of 36 compared to the optimal non-parallel approach.

关键词： Parallel processing

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An adaptive server-based scheduling framework with capacity reclaiming and borrowing

An adaptive server-based scheduling framework with capacity ...

引用

ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Meng Liu Moris Behnam Shinpei Kato thomas Nolte Mälardalen University Västerås Sweden Nagoya University Nagoya Japan

In this paper, we present a new reservation based scheduling framework for soft real-time systems using EDF algorithm (called CARB-EDF). this framework has the features of Capacity Adaptation, Reclaiming and Borrowing. this framework can simplify the initial configuration of the system, where the system designer does not need to provide any estimations of task execution times. We also present a Chebyshev's inequality based predictor to estimate task execution times. A number of simulation-based experiments have been implemented. According to the results compared with some related works, our scheduling framework can provide a better performance with acceptable extra scheduling overhead.

关键词： Servers Runtime Scheduling Chebyshev approximation real-time systems Estimation Standards

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Static WCET analysis of the H.264/AVC decoder exploiting coding information

Static WCET analysis of the H.264/AVC decoder exploiting cod...

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Chen-Wei Huang Timon Kelter Bjoern Boenninghoff Jan. Kleinsorge Michael Engel Peter. Marwedel Shiao-Li Tsao Department of Computer Science National Chiao Tung University Hsinchu Taiwan R.O.C Informatik 12 Technical University Dortmund Dortmund Germany

Multimedia playback programs must satisfy certain hard real-time constraints to give their user a pleasant viewing experience. Having a tight estimation on the worst case execution time (WCET) is essential for the resource scheduler to ensure all the tasks in the system can satisfy their timing requirements while maintaining good system resource utilization. In this paper we present a detailed hybrid WCET analysis of the H.264/AVC reference decoder and demonstrate that the coding information can be used to tighten the pure static WCET estimation up to 70%.

关键词： Decoding Encoding Streaming media real-time systems Estimation Syntactics Video coding

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Light-PREM: Automated software refactoring for predictable execution on COTS embedded systems

Light-PREM: Automated software refactoring for predictable e...

引用

ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Renato Mancuso Roman Dudko Marco Caccamo University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign USA

As real-time embedded systems become more complex, there is the need to build them using high performance commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) components. However, tasks can exhibit hard to predict worst case execution times (WCET) when executing on commodity hardware, due to contention among shared physical resources. Past work has introduced the PRedictable Execution Model (PREM) [1] to solve this issue, but unfortunately, the time required to manually refactor existing code according to this model is too high. Light-PREM proposes a novel technique that automates the refactoring process needed to convert legacy software applications to PREM-compliant code. the advantage of Light-PREM is twofold. On one side, it makes the adoption of PREM more attractive from an industrial point of view, because it significantly reduces the amount of work that is needed to generate PREM-compliant code. On the other hand, the proposed methodology is general enough to be used with any embedded software design. Experimental results show that Light-PREM significantly improves the predictability of real-time applications without requiring software engineers to gain a deep understanding about software memory usage.

关键词： Prefetching real-time systems Layout Predictive models Memory management Resource management

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Computation offloading for sporadic real-time tasks

Computation offloading for sporadic real-time tasks

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Anas Toma Jian-Jia Chen Wei Liu Department of Informatics Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany Department of Informatics TU Dortmund University Germany Northeastern University china Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany

the applications of the mobile devices are increasingly being improved. they include computation-intensive tasks, such as video and audio processing. However, the mobile devices have limited resources, which may make it difficult to finish these tasks in time. Computation offloading can be used to boost the capabilities of these resource-constrained devices, where the computation-intensive tasks are moved to a powerful remote processing unit. this paper considers the computation offloading problem for sporadic real-time tasks. the total bandwidth server (TBS) is adopted on the remote processing unit (the server side) for resource reservation. On the client side, a dynamic programming algorithm is proposed to determine the offloading decision of the tasks such that their schedule is feasible (i.e., all the tasks meet their deadlines). the algorithm is evaluated using a case study of surveillance system and synthesized benchmarks.

关键词： Servers real-time systems Schedules Approximation methods Mobile handsets Heuristic algorithms Bandwidth

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Direct handling of infeasible paths in the event dependency analysis

Direct handling of infeasible paths in the event dependency ...

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Kilian Kempf Frank Slomka Real-Time Systems Ulm University Germany

While common task models in real-time analysis assume a task as being activated by a single event and producing a single outgoing event after its full completion, the event dependency analysis extended the model to allow for multiple outgoing events to occur already during the run-time of a single job. It uses the structure of a timing-annotated control flow graph to calculate the maximal densities of outgoing events. Previous work has shown that knowledge about infeasible paths in the control flow graph can be used to relax the event densities by modifying the graph prior to performing the event dependency analysis. However, that approach leads to a nearly explicit path enumeration. In this paper, we show how the event dependency analysis can be modified to directly exclude infeasible paths in order to relax the densities of outgoing events.

关键词： Computational modeling real-time systems Context Timing Analytical models Algorithm design and analysis Educational institutions

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A dynamic virtual memory management under real-time constraints

A dynamic virtual memory management under real-time constrai...

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Martin Böhnert Christoph Scholl Department of Computer Science University of Freiburg Germany

In this work we describe a new memory management concept which allows the use of both virtual and dynamic memory management at the same time in the context of real-time systems. For a fixed size of the virtual address space, the operations of memory allocation, de-allocation and access have a constant complexity. therefore our approach is highly suited for real-time environments with hard deadlines. We employ efficient data-structures to yield runtimes that are close to traditional static memory management concepts, and - at the same time - provide the user with the full flexibility of both virtual and dynamic memory management. Our approach is based on novel operating system components and a novel real-time aware virtual memory management unit (RTMMU) in hardware. Our experimental results demonstrate the applicability of our concept and compare its performance with a classical approach. the results show that our new approach does not only provide constant-time memory management operations, but is also able to reduce the memory footprint to a large extent.

关键词： Memory management Arrays real-time systems Runtime Resource management Operating systems

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Adaptive dynamic power management for hard real-time pipelined Multiprocessor systems

Adaptive dynamic power management for hard real-time pipelin...

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Gang Chen Kai Huang Alois Knoll Insititute of Robotics and Embedded Systems Technical University Munich Germany School of Mobile Information Engineering Sun Yat-sen University China

Energy efficiency is a critical design concern for embedded systems. Dynamic power management (DPM) schemes in Multiprocessor System on Chips (MPSoCs) has been wildly used to explore the idleness of processors and dynamically reduce the energy consumption by putting idle processors to low-power states. In this paper, we explore how to effectively apply dynamic power management in adaptive manner to reduce leakage power consumption for coarse-grained pipelined systems under hard real-time requirements. At each adaptive point, a system transformation is proposed to model the pipeline system with unfinished events as multi-stream system. By using extended pay-burst-only-once principle, the service curves for corresponding stream can be computed as a constraint for a minimal resource demand and energy minimization problem can be formulated with respect to the resource demands at each adaptive point. One light-weight heuristic, called balance workload scheme (BWS), is proposed in this paper to solve the minimization problem. Simulation results using real-life applications are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

关键词： Program processors Pipelines real-time systems Adaptive systems Power demand Processor scheduling Timing

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Dynamic tail packing to optimize space utilization of file systems in embedded computing systems

Dynamic tail packing to optimize space utilization of file s...

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Nien-I Hsu Tseng-Yi Chen Yuan-Hao Chang Hsin-Wen Wei Wei-Kuan Shih Norman Chang Department of Computer Science National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu Taiwan Academia Sinica Institute of Information Science Taipei Taiwan Department of Electrical Engineering Tamkang University New Taipei Taiwan Smart Network System Institute Institute for Information Industry Taipei Taiwan

embedded computing systems usually have limited computing power, RAM space, and storage capacity due to the consideration of their cost, energy consumption, and physical size. Some of them such as sensor nodes and embedded consumer electronics only have a small-sized flash memory as their storage with a (simple) file system to manage their data, which are usually of small sizes. However, the existing file systems usually have low space utilization on managing small files and the tail data of large files. In this work, we propose a dynamic tail packing scheme to optimize the space utilization of file systems by dynamically aggregating/packing the tail data of (small) files together. the proposed scheme was implemented in the file system of Linux operating systems to evaluate its capability. the results demonstrate that the proposed scheme could significantly improve the space utilization of existing file systems.

关键词： embedded computing Resource management Ash Random access memory Aerospace electronics Linux Complexity theory

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Energy efficient real-time task scheduling for embedded systems with hybrid main memory

Energy efficient real-time task scheduling for embedded syst...

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ieee international conference on embedded and real-time computing systems and applications (RTCSA)

作者： Zhiyong Zhang Peng Liu Lei Ju Zhiping Jia School of Computer Science and Technology Shandong University Jinan China

ISBN: (纸本)9781479939541

Available energy is the most critical limitation on the performance of embedded systems along with the increasing sophistication. Phase Change Memory (PCM), with high density and low idle power has recently been extensively studied as a promising alternative main memory of DRAM. In this paper, a hybrid PCM/DRAM main memory is utilized to leverage the low power of PCM and high performance of DRAM. We reconsider the real-time task scheduling problem of hybrid PCM/DRAM-based embedded systems. To maximize energy saving, two static scheduling algorithms under Rate-Monotonic(RM) and Earliest Deadline First (EDF) are proposed while guaranteeing the real-time constraints of all tasks. Since the actual execution time is much shorter than the worst-case execution time in real environment, we propose two dynamic mechanisms to optimize the energy consumption of our static solutions, so as to fully use the slack time produced by completed tasks. All the proposed algorithms minimize the number of task migrations from PCM to DRAM and ensure each task instance can be migrated at most once. Experimental results show our real-time scheduling algorithms reduce 25.7% to 47.2% of energy consumption on average.

关键词： Random access memory Phase change materials Heuristic algorithms real-time systems Scheduling algorithms Dynamic scheduling Energy consumption

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