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Well-structured futures and cache locality 14

Well-structured futures and cache locality

引用

2014 19th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP 2014

作者： Herlihy, Maurice Liu, Zhiyu Computer Science Department Brown University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450326568

In fork-join parallelism, a sequential program is split into a directed acyclic graph of tasks linked by directed dependency edges, and the tasks are executed, possibly in parallel, in an order consistent with their dependencies. A popular and effective way to extend fork-join parallelism is to allow threads to create futures. A thread creates a future to hold the results of a computation, which may or may not be executed in parallel. that result is returned when some thread touches that future, blocking if necessary until the result is ready. Recent research has shown that while futures can, of course, enhance parallelism in a structured way, they can have a deleterious effect on cache locality. In the worst case, futures can incur Ω(PT ∞ +tT∞) deviations, which implies Ω(CPT∞+CtT∞) additional cache misses, where C is the number of cache lines, P is the number of processors, t is the number of touches, and T∞ is the computation span. Since cache locality has a large impact on software performance on modern multicores, this result is troubling. In this paper, however, we show that if futures are used in a simple, disciplined way, then the situation is much better: if each future is touched only once, either by the thread that created it, or by a later descendant of the thread that created it, then parallel executions with work stealing can incur at most O(CPT2∞ ) additional cache misses, a substantial improvement. this structured use of futures is characteristic of many (but not all) parallel applications. Copyright © 2014 acm.

关键词： parallel programming

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Efficient deterministic multithreading without global barriers 14

Efficient deterministic multithreading without global barrie...

引用

Proceedings of the 19th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming

作者： Lu, Kai Zhou, Xu Bergan, Tom Wang, Xiaoping Science and Technology on Parallel and Distributed Processing Laboratory National University of Defense Technology Changsha China College of Computer National University of Defense Technology Changsha China University of Washington Computer Science and Engineering United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450326568

Multithreaded programs execute nondeterministically on conventional architectures and operating systems. this complicates many tasks, including debugging and testing. Deterministic multithreading (DMT) makes the output of a multithreaded program depend on its inputs only, which can totally solve the above problem. However, current DMT implementations suffer from a common inefficiency: they use frequent global barriers to enforce a deterministic ordering on memory accesses. In this paper, we eliminate that inefficiency using an execution model we call deterministic lazy release consistency (DLRC). Our execution model uses the Kendo algorithm to enforce a deterministic ordering on synchronization, and it uses a deterministic version of the lazy release consistency memory model to propagate memory updates across threads. Our approach guarantees that programs execute deterministically even when they contain data races. We implemented a DMT system based on these ideas (RFDet) and evaluated it using 17 parallel applications. Our implementation targets C/C++ programs that use POSIX threads. Results show that RFDet gains nearly 2x speedup compared with Dthreads-a start-of-the-art DMT system. Copyright © 2014 acm.

关键词： C++ (programming language)

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A Type theoretic Specification of Partial Evaluation 14

A Type Theoretic Specification of Partial Evaluation

引用

16th International symposium on principles and practice of Declarative programming (PPDP)

作者： Asai, Kenichi Fennell, Luminous thiemann, Peter Zhang, Yang Ochanomizu Univ Tokyo Japan Univ Freiburg Freiburg Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9781450329477

We develop a type theoretic specification of offline partial evaluation for the simply-typed lambda calculus in the dependently-typed programming language Agda. We establish the correctness of the specification by proving termination, typing preservation, and semantics preservation using logical relations. Typing preservation is achieved by relying on a typed syntax representation based on De Bruijn indices for the source and the target language. the full calculus contains primitive recursion on natural numbers and higherorder lifting for function, product, and sum types.

关键词： partial evaluation dependently-typed programming typed metaprogramming

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Data structures for task-based priority scheduling 14

Data structures for task-based priority scheduling

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2014 19th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP 2014

作者： Wimmer, Martin Versaci, Francesco Träff, Jesper Larsson Cederman, Daniel Tsigas, Philippas Faculty of Informatics Parallel Computing Vienna University of Technology 1040 Vienna/Wien Austria Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781450326568

We present three lock-free data structures for priority task scheduling: a priority work-stealing one, a centralized one with ρ-relaxed semantics, and a hybrid one combining both concepts. With the single-source shortest path (SSSP) problem as example, we show how the different approaches affect the prioritization and provide upper bounds on the number of examined nodes. We argue that priority task scheduling allows for an intuitive and easy way to parallelize the SSSP problem, notoriously a hard task. Experimental evidence supports the good scalability of the resulting algorithm. the larger aim of this work is to understand the trade-offs between scalability and priority guarantees in task scheduling systems. We show that ρ-relaxation is a valuable technique for improving the first, while still allowing semantic constraints to be satisfied: the lock-free, hybrid κ-priority data structure can scale as well as work-stealing, while still providing strong priority scheduling guarantees, which depend on the parameter κ. Our theoretical results open up possibilities for even more scalable data structures by adopting a weaker form of ρ-relaxation, which still enables the semantic constraints to be respected.

关键词： Scalability

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On Combining Backward and Forward Chaining in Constraint Logic programming 14

On Combining Backward and Forward Chaining in Constraint Log...

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16th International symposium on principles and practice of Declarative programming (PPDP)

作者： Haemmerle, Remy Univ Politecn Madrid Madrid Spain IMDEA Software Inst Madrid Spain

ISBN: (纸本)9781450329477

We address the problem of designing constraint logic languages that usefully combine backward and forward chaining in a sound and complete way. Following the approach of Constraint Logic programming, we define a class of programming languages that generalize both Constraint Logic and Concurrent Constraint programming. Syntactically, this class corresponds to Constraint Handling Rules with disjunctions, but differ operationally by featuring set-based semantics instead of multiset-based ones;i. e., conjunction and disjunction are idempotent. the assumption of program confluence is the crux on which both the committed choice strategy and the logical completeness of the languages rely.

关键词： CLP backward&forward chaining CHR confluence

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CUDA-NP: Realizing nested thread-level parallelism in GPGPU applications 14

CUDA-NP: Realizing nested thread-level parallelism in GPGPU ...

引用

2014 19th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP 2014

作者： Yang, Yi Zhou, Huiyang Department of Computing Systems Architecture NEC Laboratories America Inc. United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450326568

parallel programs consist of series of code sections with different thread-level parallelism (TLP). As a result, it is rather common that a thread in a parallel program, such as a GPU kernel in CUDA programs, still contains both sequential code and parallel loops. In order to leverage such parallel loops, the latest Nvidia Kepler architecture introduces dynamic parallelism, which allows a GPU thread to start another GPU kernel, thereby reducing the overhead of launching kernels from a CPU. However, with dynamic parallelism, a parent thread can only communicate with its child threads through global memory and the overhead of launching GPU kernels is non-trivial even within GPUs. In this paper, we first study a set of GPGPU benchmarks that contain parallel loops, and highlight that these benchmarks do not have a very high loop count or high degrees of TLP. Consequently, the benefits of leveraging such parallel loops using dynamic parallelism are too limited to offset its overhead. We then present our proposed solution to exploit nested parallelism in CUDA, referred to as CUDA-NP. With CUDA-NP, we initially enable a high number of threads when a GPU program starts, and use control flow to activate different numbers of threads for different code sections. We implemented our proposed CUDA-NP framework using a directive-based compiler approach. For a GPU kernel, an application developer only needs to add OpenMP-like pragmas for parallelizable code sections. then, our CUDA-NP compiler automatically generates the optimized GPU kernels. It supports both the reduction and the scan primitives, explores different ways to distribute parallel loop iterations into threads, and efficiently manages on-chip resource. Our experiments show that for a set of GPGPU benchmarks, which have already been optimized and contain nested parallelism, our proposed CUDA-NP framework further improves the performance by up to 6.69 times and 2.18 times on average. Copyright © 2014 acm.

关键词： Application programming interfaces (API)

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SCCMulti: An improved parallel strongly connected components algorithm 14

SCCMulti: An improved parallel strongly connected components...

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2014 19th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP 2014

作者： Tomkins, Daniel Smith, Timmie Amato, Nancy M. Rauchwerger, Lawrence Parasol Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A and M University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450326568

Tarjan's famous linear time, sequential algorithm for finding the strongly connected components (SCCs) of a graph relies on depth first search, which is inherently sequential. Deterministic parallel algorithms solve this problem in logarithmic time using matrix multiplication techniques, but matrix multiplication requires a large amount of total work. Randomized algorithms based on reachability - the ability to get from one vertex to another along a directed path - greatly improve the work bound in the average case. However, these algorithms do not always perform well;for instance, Divide-and-Conquer Strong Components (DCSC), a scalable, divide-and-conquer algorithm, has good expected theoretical limits, but can perform very poorly on graphs for which the maximum reachability of any vertex is small. A related algorithm, MultiPivot, gives very high probability guarantees on the total amount of work for all graphs, but this improvement introduces an overhead that increases the average running time. this work introduces SCCMulti, a multi-pivot improvement of DCSC that offers the same consistency as MultiPivot without the time overhead. We provide experimental results demonstrating SCCMulti's scalability;these results also show that SCCMulti is more consistent than DCSC and is always faster than MultiPivot.

关键词： Matrix algebra

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Resilient X10: Efficient failure-aware programming 14

Resilient X10: Efficient failure-aware programming

引用

2014 19th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP 2014

作者： Cunningham, David Grove, David Herta, Benjamin Iyengar, Arun Kawachiya, Kiyokuni Murata, Hiroki Saraswat, Vijay Takeuchi, Mikio Tardieu, Olivier IBM T. J. Watson Research Center Japan Google Inc. Japan IBM Research Tokyo Japan

ISBN: (纸本)9781450326568

Scale-out programs run on multiple processes in a cluster. In scale-out systems, processes can fail. Computations using traditional libraries such as MPI fail when any component process fails. the advent of Map Reduce, Resilient Data Sets and MillWheel has shown dramatic improvements in productivity are possible when a high-level programming framework handles scale-out and resilience automatically. We are concerned with the development of generalpurpose languages that support resilient programming. In this paper we show how the X10 language and implementation can be extended to support resilience. In Resilient X10, places may fail asynchronously, causing loss of the data and tasks at the failed place. Failure is exposed through exceptions. We identify a Happens Before Invariance Principle and require the runtime to automatically repair the global control structure of the program to maintain this principle. We show this reduces much of the burden of resilient programming. the programmer is only responsible for continuing execution with fewer computational resources and the loss of part of the heap, and can do so while taking advantage of domain knowledge. We build a complete implementation of the language, capable of executing benchmark applications on hundreds of nodes. We describe the algorithms required to make the language runtime resilient. We then give three applications, each with a different approach to fault tolerance (replay, decimation, and domain-level checkpointing). these can be executed at scale and survive node failure. We show that for these programs the overhead of resilience is a small fraction of overall runtime by comparing to equivalent non-resilient X10 programs. On one program we show end-to-end performance of Resilient X10 is ∼100x faster than Hadoop. Copyright © 2014 acm.

关键词： Fault tolerance

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Lazier Imperative programming 14

Lazier Imperative Programming

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16th International symposium on principles and practice of Declarative programming (PPDP)

作者： Douence, Remi Tabareau, Nicolas Mines Nantes Nantes France INRIA Le Chesnay France

ISBN: (纸本)9781450329477

Laziness is a powerful concept in functional programming that enables reusing general functions in a specific context, while keeping performance close to the efficiency of dedicated definitions. Lazy evaluation can be used in imperative programming too. Twenty years ago, John Launchbury was already advocating for lazy imperative programming, but the level of laziness of his framework remained limited: a single effect can trigger numerous delayed computations, even if those are not required for the correctness of the evaluation. Twenty years after, the picture has not changed. In this article, we propose an Haskell framework to specify computational effects of imperative programs as well as their dependencies. Our framework is based on the operational monad transformer which encapsulates an algebraic presentation of effectful operations. A lazy monad transformer is then in charge of delaying non-necessary computations by maintaining a trace of imperative closures. We present a semantics of a call-by-need A-calculus extended with imperative strict and lazy features and prove the correctness of our approach. While originally motivated by a less rigid use of foreign functions, we show that our approach is fruitful for a simple scenario based on sorted mutable arrays. Furthermore, we can take advantage of equations between algebraic operations to dynamically optimize imperative computations composition.

关键词： Calculations

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Real-Time Matching of Antescofo Temporal Patterns 14

Real-Time Matching of <i>Antescofo</i> Temporal Patterns

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16th International symposium on principles and practice of Declarative programming (PPDP)

作者： Giavitto, Jean-Louis Echeveste, Jose IRCAM UMR STMS 9912 CNRS 1 Pl Igor Stravinsky F-75004 Paris France INRIA MuTant Project 1 Pl Igor Stravinsky F-75004 Paris France Univ Paris 06 Sorbonne Univ 1 Pl Igor Stravinsky F-75004 Paris France

ISBN: (纸本)9781450329477

online matching. Antescofo is a real-time system for performance coordination between musicians and computer processes during live music concert. ATP are used to define complex events that correspond to a combination of perceived events in the musical environment as well as arbitrary logical and metrical temporal conditions. the real-time recognition of such event is used to trigger arbitrary actions in the style of event-condition-action rules. the musical context, the rationales of temporal patterns and several illustrative examples are introduced to motivate the design of ATP. the semantics of ATP matching is defined to parallel the well-known notion of regular expression and Brzozowski's derivatives but extended to handle an infinite alphabet, arbitrary predicates, elapsing time and inhibitory conditions. this approach is compared to those developed in log auditing and for the runtime verification of realtime logics. ATP are implemented by translation into a core subset of the Antescofo domain-specific language. this compilation has proven efficient enough to avoid the extension of the real-time runtime of the language and has been validated with composers in actual pieces.

关键词： timed regular expressions event-driven programming score following timed and reactive system domain-specific language computer music Antescofo

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