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Data structures for task-based priority scheduling 14

Data structures for task-based priority scheduling

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2014 19th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP 2014

作者： Wimmer, Martin Versaci, Francesco Träff, Jesper Larsson Cederman, Daniel Tsigas, Philippas Faculty of Informatics Parallel Computing Vienna University of Technology 1040 Vienna/Wien Austria Computer Science and Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 412 96 Göteborg Sweden

ISBN: (纸本)9781450326568

We present three lock-free data structures for priority task scheduling: a priority work-stealing one, a centralized one with ρ-relaxed semantics, and a hybrid one combining both concepts. With the single-source shortest path (SSSP) problem as example, we show how the different approaches affect the prioritization and provide upper bounds on the number of examined nodes. We argue that priority task scheduling allows for an intuitive and easy way to parallelize the SSSP problem, notoriously a hard task. Experimental evidence supports the good scalability of the resulting algorithm. the larger aim of this work is to understand the trade-offs between scalability and priority guarantees in task scheduling systems. We show that ρ-relaxation is a valuable technique for improving the first, while still allowing semantic constraints to be satisfied: the lock-free, hybrid κ-priority data structure can scale as well as work-stealing, while still providing strong priority scheduling guarantees, which depend on the parameter κ. Our theoretical results open up possibilities for even more scalable data structures by adopting a weaker form of ρ-relaxation, which still enables the semantic constraints to be respected.

关键词： Scalability

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LogP: Towards a realistic model of parallel computation 93

LogP: Towards a realistic model of parallel computation

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4th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPOPP 1993

作者： Culler, David Karp, Richard Patterson, David Sahay, Abhijit Erik Schauser, Klaus Santos, Eunice Subramonian, Ramesh Von Eicken, thorsten Computer Science Division University of California Berkeley United States International Computer Science Institute Berkeley United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897915895

A vast body of theoretical research has focused either on overly simplistic models of parallel computation, notably the PRAM, or overly specific models that have few representatives in the real world. Both kinds of models encourage exploitation of formal loopholes, rather than rewarding development of techniques that yield performance across a range of current and future parallel machines. this paper offers a new parallel machine model, called LogP, that reflects the critical technology trends underlying parallel computers. It is intended to serve as a basis for developing fast, portable parallel algorithms and to offer guidelines to machine designers. Such a model must strike a balance between detail and simplicity in order to reveal important bottlenecks without making analysis of interesting problems intractable. the model is based on four parameters that specify abstractly the computing bandwidth, the communication bandwidth, the communication delay, and the efficiency of coupling communication and computation. Portable parallel algorithms typically adapt to the machine configuration, in terms of these parameters. the utility of the model is demonstrated through examples that are implemented on the CM-5. © 1993 acm.

关键词： parallel algorithms

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Multi-Queues Can Be State-of-the-Art Priority Schedulers 22

Multi-Queues Can Be State-of-the-Art Priority Schedulers

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27th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming (PPoPP)

作者： Postnikova, Anastasiia Koval, Nikita Nadiradze, Giorgi Alistarh, Dan ITMO Univ St Petersburg Russia JetBrains Prague Czech Republic IST Austria Klosterneuburg Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781450392044

Designing and implementing efficient parallel priority schedulers is an active research area. An intriguing proposed design is the Multi-Queue: given n threads and m >= n distinct priority queues, task insertions are performed uniformly at random, while, to delete, a thread picks two queues uniformly at random, and removes the observed task of higher priority. this approach scales well, and has probabilistic rank guarantees: roughly, the rank of each task removed, relative to remaining tasks in all other queues, is O(m) in expectation. Yet, the performance of this pattern is below that of well-engineered schedulers, which eschew theoretical guarantees for practical efficiency. We investigate whether it is possible to design and implement a Multi-Queue-based task scheduler that is both highly-efficient and has analytical guarantees. We propose a new variant called the Stealing Multi-Queue (SMQ), a cache-efficient variant of the Multi-Queue, which leverages both queue affinity-each thread has a local queue, from which tasks are usually removed;but, with some probability, threads also attempt to steal higher-priority tasks from the other queues-and task batching, that is, the processing of several tasks in a single insert / remove step. these ideas are well-known for task scheduling without priorities;our theoretical contribution is showing that, despite relaxations, this design can still provide rank guarantees, which in turn implies bounds on total work performed. We provide a general SMQ implementation which can surpass state-of-the-art schedulers such as OBIM and PMOD in terms of performance on popular graph-processing benchmarks. Notably, the performance improvement comes mainly from the superior rank guarantees provided by our scheduler, confirming that analytically-reasoned approaches can still provide performance improvements for priority task scheduling. the full version of this paper is available in [24].

关键词： priority scheduling relaxed algorithms concurrency parallel graph processing

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Cache-oblivious wavefront: Improving parallelism of recursive dynamic programming algorithms without losing cache-efficiency 2015

Cache-oblivious wavefront: Improving parallelism of recursiv...

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20th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP 2015

作者： Tang, Yuan You, Ronghui Kan, Haibin Tithi, Jesmin Jahan Ganapathi, Pramod Chowdhury, Rezaul A. Software School School of Computer Science Fudan University Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing Shanghai China Department of Computer Science Stony Brook University Stony BrookNY11790 United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450332057

State-of-the-art cache-oblivious parallel algorithms for dynamic programming (DP) problems usually guarantee asymptotically optimal cache performance without any tuning of cache parameters, but they often fail to exploit the theoretically best parallelism at the same time. While these algorithms achieve cache-optimality through the use of a recursive divide-and-conquer (DAC) strategy, scheduling tasks at the granularity of task dependency introduces artificial dependencies in addition to those arising from the defining recurrence equations. We removed the artificial dependency by scheduling tasks ready for execution as soon as all its real dependency constraints are satisfied, while preserving the cache-optimality by inheriting the DAC strategy. We applied our approach to a set of widely known dynamic programming problems, such as Floyd-Warshall's All-Pairs Shortest Paths, Stencil, and LCS. theoretical analyses show that our techniques improve the span of 2-way DAC-based Floyd Warshall's algorithm on an n node graph from Θ(nlog2 n) to Θ(n), stencil computations on a d-dimensional hypercubic grid of width w for h time steps from Θ ((d2h) wlog(d+2)-1) to Θ(h), and LCS on two sequences of length n each from Θ (nlog23) to Θ(n). In each case, the total work and cache complexity remain asymptotically optimal. Experimental measurements exhibit a 3-5 times improvement in absolute running time, 10-20 times improvement in burdened span by Cilkview, and approximately the same L1/L2 cache misses by PAPI. Copyright 2015 acm.

关键词： parallel algorithms

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Scalable Deterministic Replay in a parallel Full-system Emulator 13

Scalable Deterministic Replay in a Parallel Full-system Emul...

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18th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming

作者： Chen, Yufei Chen, Haibo Fudan Univ Sch Comp Sci Shanghai Peoples R China Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ Inst Parallel & Distributed Syst Shanghai 200030 Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450319225

Full-system emulation has been an extremely useful tool in developing and debugging systems software like operating systems and hypervisors. However, current full-system emulators lack the support for deterministic replay, which limits the reproducibility of concurrency bugs that is indispensable for analyzing and debugging the essentially multi-threaded systems software. this paper analyzes the challenges in supporting deterministic replay in parallel full-system emulators and makes a comprehensive study on the sources of non-determinism. Unlike application-level replay systems, our system, called ReEmu, needs to log sources of non-determinism in both the guest software stack and the dynamic binary translator for faithful replay. To provide scalable and efficient record and replay on multicore machines, ReEmu makes several notable refinements to the CREW protocol that replays shared memory systems. First, being aware of the performance bottlenecks in frequent lock operations in the CREW protocol, ReEmu refines the CREW protocol with a seqlock-like design, to avoid serious contention and possible starvation in instrumentation code tracking dependence of racy accesses on a shared memory object. Second, to minimize the required log files, ReEmu only logs minimal local information regarding accesses to a shared memory location, but instead relies on an offline log processing tool to derive precise shared memory dependence for faithful replay. third, ReEmu adopts an automatic lock clustering mechanism that clusters a set of uncontended memory objects to a bulk to reduce the frequencies of lock operations, which noticeably boost performance. Our prototype ReEmu is based on our open-source COREMU system and supports scalable and efficient record and replay of full-system environments (both x64 and ARM). Performance evaluation shows that ReEmu has very good performance scalability on an Intel multicore machine. It incurs only 68.9% performance overhead on average (ranging

关键词： Algorithms Performance Reliability Scalable Deterministic Replay Full-system Emulator

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CUDA-NP: Realizing nested thread-level parallelism in GPGPU applications 14

CUDA-NP: Realizing nested thread-level parallelism in GPGPU ...

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2014 19th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP 2014

作者： Yang, Yi Zhou, Huiyang Department of Computing Systems Architecture NEC Laboratories America Inc. United States Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering North Carolina State University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450326568

parallel programs consist of series of code sections with different thread-level parallelism (TLP). As a result, it is rather common that a thread in a parallel program, such as a GPU kernel in CUDA programs, still contains both sequential code and parallel loops. In order to leverage such parallel loops, the latest Nvidia Kepler architecture introduces dynamic parallelism, which allows a GPU thread to start another GPU kernel, thereby reducing the overhead of launching kernels from a CPU. However, with dynamic parallelism, a parent thread can only communicate with its child threads through global memory and the overhead of launching GPU kernels is non-trivial even within GPUs. In this paper, we first study a set of GPGPU benchmarks that contain parallel loops, and highlight that these benchmarks do not have a very high loop count or high degrees of TLP. Consequently, the benefits of leveraging such parallel loops using dynamic parallelism are too limited to offset its overhead. We then present our proposed solution to exploit nested parallelism in CUDA, referred to as CUDA-NP. With CUDA-NP, we initially enable a high number of threads when a GPU program starts, and use control flow to activate different numbers of threads for different code sections. We implemented our proposed CUDA-NP framework using a directive-based compiler approach. For a GPU kernel, an application developer only needs to add OpenMP-like pragmas for parallelizable code sections. then, our CUDA-NP compiler automatically generates the optimized GPU kernels. It supports both the reduction and the scan primitives, explores different ways to distribute parallel loop iterations into threads, and efficiently manages on-chip resource. Our experiments show that for a set of GPGPU benchmarks, which have already been optimized and contain nested parallelism, our proposed CUDA-NP framework further improves the performance by up to 6.69 times and 2.18 times on average. Copyright © 2014 acm.

关键词： Application programming interfaces (API)

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Effective garbage collection strategy for parallel programming languages on large scale distributed-memory machines

Effective garbage collection strategy for parallel programmi...

引用

Proceedings of the 1997 6th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming

作者： Taura, Kenjiro Yonezawa, Akinori Univ of Tokyo Tokyo Japan

this paper describes the design and implementation of a garbage collection scheme on large-scale distributed-memory computers and reports various experimental results. the collector is based on the conservative GC library by Boehm & Weiser. Each processor traces local pointers using the GC library while traversing remote pointers by exchanging 'mark messages' between processors. It exhibits a promising performance - in the most space-intensive settings we tested, the total collection overhead ranges from 5% up to 15% of the application running time (excluding idle time). We not only examine basic performance figures such as the total overhead or latency of a global collection, but also demonstrate how local collection scheduling strategies affect application performance. In our collector, a local collection is scheduled either independently or synchronously. Experimental results show that the benefit of independent local collections has been overstated in the literature. Independent local collections slowed down application performance to 40%, by increasing the average communication latency. Synchronized local collections exhibit much more robust performance characteristics than independent local collections and the overhead for global synchronization is not significant. Furthermore, we show that an adaptive collection scheduler can select the appropriate local collection strategy based on the application's behavior. the collector has been used in a concurrent object-oriented language ABCL/f and the performance is measured on a large-scale parallel computer (256 processors) using four non-trivial applications written in ABCL/f.

关键词： parallel processing systems

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VAPRO: Performance Variance Detection and Diagnosis for Production-Run parallel Applications 22

VAPRO: Performance Variance Detection and Diagnosis for Prod...

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27th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming (PPoPP)

作者： Zheng, Liyan Zhai, Jidong Tang, Xiongchao Wang, Haojie Yu, Teng Jin, Yuyang Song, Shuaiwen Leon Chen, Wenguang Tsinghua Univ Beijing Peoples R China Sangfor Technol Inc Shenzhen Guangdong Peoples R China Univ Sydney Sydney NSW Australia BNRist Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450392044

Performance variance is a serious problem for parallel applications, which can cause performance degradation and make applications' behavior hard to understand. therefore, detecting and diagnosing performance variance are of crucial importance for users and application developers. However, previous detection approaches either bring too large overhead and hurt applications' performance, or rely on nontrivial source code analysis that is impractical for production-run parallel applications. In this work, we propose VAPRO, a performance variance detection and diagnosis framework for production-run parallel applications. Our approach is based on an important observation that most parallel applications contain code snippets that are repeatedly executed with fixed workload, which can be used for performance variance detection. To effectively identify these snippets at runtime even without program source code, we introduce State Transition Graph (STG) to track program execution and then conduct lightweight workload analysis on STG to locate variance. To diagnose the detected variance, VAPRO leverages a progressive diagnosis method based on a hybrid model leveraging variance breakdown and statistical analysis. Results show that the performance overhead of VAPRO is only 1.38% on average. VAPRO can detect the variance in real applications caused by hardware bugs, memory, and IQ After fixing the detected variance, the standard deviation of the execution time is reduced by up to 73.5%. Compared with the state-of-the-art variance detection tool based on source code analysis, VAPRO achieves 30.0% higher detection coverage.

关键词： Performance Variance Anomaly Detection System Noise

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Computation migration: Enhancing locality for distributed-memory parallel systems 93

Computation migration: Enhancing locality for distributed-me...

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4th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPOPP 1993

作者： Hsieh, Wilson C. Wang, Paul Weihl, William E. MIT Laboratory for Computer Science 545 Technology Square CambridgeMA02139 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897915895

We describe computation migration, a new technique that is based on compile-time program transformations, for accessing remote data in a distributed-memory parallel system. In contrast with RPC-style access, where the access is performed remotely, and with data migration, where the data is moved so that it is local, computation migration moves part of the current thread to the processor where the data resides. the access is performed at the remote processor, and the migrated thread portion continues to run on that same processor;this makes subsequent accesses in the thread portion local. We describe an implementation of computation migra^ tion that consists of two parts: an implementation that migrates single activation frames, and a high-level language annotation that allows a programmer to express when migration is desired. We performed experiments using two applications;these experiments demonstrate that computation migration is a valuable alternative to RPC and data migration.

关键词： High level languages

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SCCMulti: An improved parallel strongly connected components algorithm 14

SCCMulti: An improved parallel strongly connected components...

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2014 19th acm sigplan symposium on principles and practice of parallel programming, PPoPP 2014

作者： Tomkins, Daniel Smith, Timmie Amato, Nancy M. Rauchwerger, Lawrence Parasol Laboratory Department of Computer Science and Engineering Texas A and M University United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781450326568

Tarjan's famous linear time, sequential algorithm for finding the strongly connected components (SCCs) of a graph relies on depth first search, which is inherently sequential. Deterministic parallel algorithms solve this problem in logarithmic time using matrix multiplication techniques, but matrix multiplication requires a large amount of total work. Randomized algorithms based on reachability - the ability to get from one vertex to another along a directed path - greatly improve the work bound in the average case. However, these algorithms do not always perform well;for instance, Divide-and-Conquer Strong Components (DCSC), a scalable, divide-and-conquer algorithm, has good expected theoretical limits, but can perform very poorly on graphs for which the maximum reachability of any vertex is small. A related algorithm, MultiPivot, gives very high probability guarantees on the total amount of work for all graphs, but this improvement introduces an overhead that increases the average running time. this work introduces SCCMulti, a multi-pivot improvement of DCSC that offers the same consistency as MultiPivot without the time overhead. We provide experimental results demonstrating SCCMulti's scalability;these results also show that SCCMulti is more consistent than DCSC and is always faster than MultiPivot.

关键词： Matrix algebra

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