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New embedded digital front-end for high resolution PET scanner

New embedded digital front-end for high resolution PET scann...

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IEEE NPSS conference on Real Time

作者： P. Guerra J. Espinosa J.E. Ortuno G. Kontaxakis J.J. Vaquero M. Desco A. Santos ETSI. Telecomunicación Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Spain Unidad de Medicina y Cirugía Experimental Hospital G. Gregorio Maraáón Madrid Spain

this work describes a new digital front-end for a high-resolution low-cost animal PET scanner which is currently under development. the advances in flexibility and size of modern FPGAs together with the release of new tools enable the integration of most of the front-end electronics in a single FPGA. the implemented system includes a small 32-bit RISC processor, several peripherals attached to the internal buses and a special DSP unit closely attached to the processor which is dedicated to the detection of the gamma events. On top of these, a small footprint real time operating system abstracts the underlying hardware, providing the mechanisms to combine on-chip slow control and data streaming

关键词： Positron emission tomography Field programmable gate arrays Animals Reduced instruction set computing Digital signal processing Event detection Gamma ray detection Gamma ray detectors Real time systems Operating systems

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A new approach to object oriented programming for real-time targets

A new approach to object oriented programming for real-time ...

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IEEE NPSS conference on Real Time

作者： D. Beck H. Brand C. Karagiannis C. Rauth GSI-Darmstadt Darmstadt Germany

An object oriented approach has been developed using Lab VIEW RT. this real-time variant of the well known graphical programming language is based on the PharLap OS. this approach allows for two different scenarios. First, existing object oriented code developed for MS-Windows and Linux platforms can be reused on a real-time platform, next to a time critical loop with high priority. the reusability of existing code drastically reduces the development time for complex data acquisition and control systems, based on PXI or cPCI platforms. Second, small PAC systems like the FieldPoint series from National Instruments have limited CPU power and memory. However, dedicated classes allow the usage of an object oriented approach and serve to integrate such sub-systems to larger SCADA systems

关键词： Object oriented programming SCADA systems Programmable control Control systems Real time systems Hardware Computer languages Linux Instruments Safety

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the data acquisition system of ClearPET/spl trade/ Neuro - a small animal PET scanner

The data acquisition system of ClearPET/spl trade/ Neuro - a...

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IEEE NPSS conference on Real Time

作者： M. Streun G. Brandenburg H. Larue C. Parl K. Ziemons Members of Crystal Clear Collaboration Zentralinstitut für Elektronik Forschungszentrum Jülich (KFA) Julich Germany

the Crystal Clear Collaboration has developed a modular system for a small animal PET scanner (ClearPETtrade). the modularity allows the assembly of scanners of different sizes and characteristics in order to satisfy the specific needs of the individual member institutions. the system performs depth of interaction detection by using a phoswich arrangement combining LSO and LuYAP scintillators which are coupled to multichannel photomultipliers (PMTs). For each PMT a free running 40 MHz ADC digitizes the signal and the complete scintillation pulse is sampled by an FPGA and sent with 20 MB/s to a PC for preprocessing. the pulse provides information about the gamma energy and the scintillator material which identifies the interaction layer. Furthermore, the exact pulse starting time is obtained from the sampled data. this is important as no hardware coincidence detection is implemented. All single events are recorded and coincidences are identified by software. the system in Julich (ClearPETtrade Neuro) is equipped with 10240 crystals on 80 PMTs. the paper presents an overview of the data acquisition system

关键词： data acquisition Animals Positron emission tomography Collaboration Assembly Solid scintillation detectors Photomultipliers Field programmable gate arrays Crystalline materials Hardware

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Search-based physical attacks in sensor networks

Search-based physical attacks in sensor networks

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International conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)

作者： X. Wang Sriram Chellappan W. Gu W. Yu D. Xuan The Department of Computer Science and Engineering Ohio State Uinversity Columbus OH USA The Department of Computer Science Texas A and M University College Station TX USA

the small form factor of the sensors, coupled with the unattended and distributed nature of their deployment expose sensors to physical attacks that physically destroy sensors in the network. In this paper, we study the modeling and analysis of search-based physical attacks in sensor networks. We define a search-based physical attack model, where the attacker walks through the sensor network using signal detecting equipment to locate active sensors, and then destroys them. We consider both flat and hierarchical sensor networks. the attacker in our model uses a weighted random selection based approach to discriminate multiple target choices (normal sensors and cluster-heads) to enhance sensor network performance degradation. Our performance metric in this paper is accumulative coverage (AC), which effectively captures coverage and lifetime of the sensor network. We then conduct detailed evaluations on the impacts of search-based physic attacks on sensor network performance. Our performance data clearly show that search-based physical attacks significantly reduce sensor network performance. We observe that attack related parameters, namely attacker movement speed, detection range and accuracy have significant impacts on the attack effectiveness. We also observe that the attack effectiveness is significantly impacted by sensor network parameters, namely the frequency of communication and frequency of cluster-head rotation. We believe that our work in this paper on modeling and analyzing search-based physical attacks is an important first step in understanding their overall impacts, and effectively defending against them in the future.

关键词： Intelligent networks Magnetic sensors Wireless sensor networks Frequency Computer science Weapons signal detection Degradation Measurement Physics

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Multitarget tracking and monopulse signal processing for spawning targets

Multitarget tracking and monopulse signal processing for spa...

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16th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Willett, P Blair, WD Ogle, T Univ Connecticut Storrs CT USA

ISBN: (纸本)081945351X

A monopulse radar is able to derive accurate angular measurements via intelligent processing of its sum and difference channel returns. Recently there have emerged techniques for angular estimation of several unresolved targets. meaning targets that are. in principle, merged within the same radar beam, can be extracted separately. the key is the joint exploitation of information in several range bins. Here we show the performance of this approach in a high-fidelity simulation: we observe considerable improvement in track RMSE, but little corresponding, gain in track completeness. Coupled with a hidden Markov model on target number, however, the performance is impressive.

关键词： radar target tracking radar signal processing resolution

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Detection of small target in IR image sequences using VSLMS

Detection of small target in IR image sequences using VSLMS

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16th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Ng, LN Ronda, V Lim, ET Nanyang Technol Univ Sch Elect & Elect Singapore Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)081945351X

A Vertical-Strip Least Mean Squared (VSLMS) algorithm is proposed to enhance the detection of small moving targets in IR image sequences. this algorithm is an improvement over the Two-Dimensional LMS (TDLMS), which is designed to detect small targets within highly correlated background of static images. this paper focuses on processing IR image sequences with different background features with layers of sky, sea and land clutter. the VSLMS uses multiple LMS modules and a different scanning method to process individual lines in the IR image sequences. Simulation results show successful enhancement of very small targets in an IR mage sequence.

关键词： VSLMS IR image sequences TDLMS

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Fast mutual exclusion

Fast mutual exclusion

引用

16th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Maskell, S Briers, M Wright, R QinetiQ Ltd Malvern Technol Ctr Malvern Worcs England

ISBN: (纸本)081945351X

A method is presented that circumvents the combinatorial explosion often assumed to exist when summing probabilities of joint association events in a multiple target tracking context. the approach involves no approximations in the summation and while the number of joint events grows exponentially with the number of targets, the computational complexity of the approach is substantially less than exponential. Multiple target tracking algorithms that use this summation include mutual exclusion(11,21) in a particle filtering context and the Joint Probabilistic data Association Filter,(7) a Kalman Filter based algorithm. the perceived computational expense associated with this combinatorial explosion has meant that such algorithms have been restricted to applications involving only a handful of targets. the approach presented here makes it possible to use such algorithms with a large number of targets.

关键词： Detection and tracking algorithms Filtering (signal processing) Electronic filtering Particle filters Particles

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Background modeling and target segmentation via modified Kalman filtering

Background modeling and target segmentation via modified Kal...

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16th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Searle, SJ Univ Adelaide Sch Elect & Elect Engn CSSIP Adelaide SA 5005 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)081945351X

In target detection and tracking applications with imagery data taken from a moving camera platform, it is necessary to segment potential targets in each image frame. this is typically done by preprocessing individual images to exploit some known attribute about the data. Often these methods make many false detections, particularly in the presence of additive noise, and the results thus require significant post-processing. A means of estimating the background in the imagery sequence under the formalism of the Kalman filter is suggested. this background estimate is then used to recast the segmentation problem as one of outlier detection, and the result of segmentation is used to modify the filter update. Ways of making the technique computationally benign are discussed. the technique is used to analyse a simulated image sequence, and the performance is compared to that of a single-frame back-round-estimation technique. the feasibility of target segmentation via background tracking is thus demonstrated.

关键词： Image segmentation Filtering (signal processing) Target detection Matrices Cameras Image filtering Digital filtering Electronic filtering Optical filters Image analysis

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A wavelet-based regularization scheme for HRR radar profile enhancement for use in automatic target recognition

A wavelet-based regularization scheme for HRR radar profile ...

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16th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Morris, HC DePass, MM San Jose State Univ Dept Math San Jose CA 95192 USA

ISBN: (纸本)081945351X

Cetin(1-2) has applied non-quadratic optimization methods to produce feature-enhanced high-range resolution (ERR) radar profiles. this work concerned ground-based targets and was carried-out in the temporal domain. In this paper, we propose a wavelet-based-half-quadratic technique(3) for ground-to-air target identification. the method is tested on simulated data generated by standard techniques(4). this analysis shows the ability of the proposed method to recover high-resolution features such as the locations and amplitudes of the dominant scatterers in the HRR profile. this suggests that the technique potentially may help improve the performance of HRR target recognition systems.

关键词： high range-resolution radar wavelets signal reconstruction non-quadratic optimization superresolution

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data association hypothesis evaluation for i.i.d. but non-Poisson multiple target tracking

Data association hypothesis evaluation for i.i.d. but non-Po...

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16th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Mori, S Chong, CY ALPHATECH Inc Mountain View CA 94040 USA

ISBN: (纸本)081945351X

this paper discusses the evaluation of data association hypotheses for a general class of multiple target tracking problems. We assume that the number of targets is unknown, and that given the number of targets, the joint target state distributions form a system of independent, identically distributed (i.i.d.) probability distributions. We are particularly interested in the case where the prior probability distribution of the number of targets is not necessarily Poisson. We will show that the Poisson assumption is not only sufficient but also necessary for the commonly used standard multiplicative hypothesis evaluation formula. Consequently, we claim that the use of the standard multiplicative hypothesis evaluation formula implies, either explicitly or implicitly, the Poisson assumption. We will also examine the Poisson assumption on the number of false alarms in each measurement set.

关键词： multiple target tracking data association hypothesis evaluation IID cluster non-Poisson point process

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