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Bias estimation using targets of opportunity

Bias estimation using targets of opportunity

引用

19th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Kragel, Bret D. Danford, Scott Herman, Shawn M. Poore, Aubrey B. Numer Corp 4850 Hahns Peak Dr Loveland CO 80538 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468475

Fusion of data from multiple sensors can be hindered by systematic errors known as biases. Specifically, the presence of biases can lead to data misassociation and redundant tracks. Fortunately, if an estimate of the unknown biases can be obtained, the measurements and transformations for each sensor can be debiased prior to fusion. In this paper, we present an algorithm that uses targets of opportunity in the sensor field-of-view for online estimation of time-variant biases. the algorithm uses the singular value decomposition (SVD) to automatically handle the issue of parameter observability during tracking, allowing for shorter estimation windows and more accurate bias estimation. Our approach extends the novel methods proposed in the companion paper(1) by Herman and Poore that used the SVD within a nonlinear least-squares estimator to handle the issue of parameter observability during offline estimation of time-invariant biases using truth data.

关键词： bias estimation sensor registration gridlock nonlinear least-squares singular value decomposition bias observability

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MHT tracking for crossing sonar targets

MHT tracking for crossing sonar targets

引用

19th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Willett, Peter Luginbuhl, Tod Giannopoulos, Evangelos Univ Connecticut Dept ECE Storrs CT 06269 USA Naval Undersea Warfare Ctr Newport RI 02841 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468475

Sometimes radar targets cross and become unresolved;this is a concern, but with a reasonable track depth and an appropriate merged-measurement model the concern is considerably mitigated. Sonar targets, however, can become merged (in the same beam) for considerably longer, particularly with bearing-only measurements. In such cases the crossing times can be 100 scans long, and no reasonable depth exists for an multi-frame tracker that can "see" both ends of the merged period. Further, there is a demonstrable tendency for estimated targets to repel each other as they are being tracked. In this paper we explore the hypothesis-oriented multi-hypothesis tracker (HO-MHT), an MHT approach that uses the new "rollout" optimization insight and the to give an appropriate and cost-effective means to rank hypotheses, and also the PMHT tracker that operates on batches of scans with linear computational complexity in most quantities. We show results in terms of estimation error (RMSE), consistency (NEES) and computational effort in both linear and beam-space tracking scenarios.

关键词： tracking MHT PMHT unresolved targets sonar

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Tracking multiple targets with coordinated turn maneuvers

Tracking multiple targets with coordinated turn maneuvers

引用

17th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Morelande, MR Gordon, NJ Univ Melbourne Dept Elect & Elect Engn Parkville Vic 3010 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)0819459186

the problem of tracking multiple maneuvering targets is considered. the usual multiple model approach is adopted in which maneuvering target motion is modeled by assuming that the target motion at each point in time can be described by one of a finite set of dynamic models. Transitions between each mode of target motion are assumed to be Markovian. Target positions are measured in polar coordinates leading to a nonlinear measurement equation. A particle filter is proposed as a solution to the problem. the proposed algorithm seeks to improve upon the performance of a previously proposed particle filter by using measurement-directed proposals and exploiting the structure of the measurement likelihood. the performance analysis focuses on targets which perform coordinated turn maneuvers. An improved model for target motion in this regime is suggested. the performance analysis, using Monte Carlo simulations, demonstrates the improved performance of the proposed algorithm compared to the previously proposed particle filter and the standard Gaussian approximation, the IMM-JPDAF.

关键词： Motion models Particles Detection and tracking algorithms Particle filters Monte Carlo methods Target detection Stochastic processes Sensors Electronic filtering data modeling

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An adaptive supply-voltage scheme for low power self-timed CMOS digital design 16

An adaptive supply-voltage scheme for low power self-timed C...

引用

16th International conference on VLSI Design/2nd International conference on Embedded Systems Design

作者： Kuang, W Yuan, JS Univ Cent Florida Orlando FL 32816 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0769518680

this paper combines an adaptive supply-voltage scheme with self-timed CMOS digital design, to achieve low power performance. the supply-voltage automatically tracks the input data rate of the data path so that the supply-voltage can be kept as small as possible while maintaining the speed requirement. this adaptive supply-voltage scheme employs the handshake signals directly to detect the speed of data path without using FIFO buffer. this leads to a very simple logic control whose power loss is negligible. Cadence SPICE simulation shows the effectiveness of this scheme for low power applications based on 0.18 mum CMOS process.

关键词： Capacitance Circuit simulation Clocks Communication system control Delay Dynamic voltage scaling Logic circuits Power dissipation signal detection Timing

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A flexible implementation for Doppler radar to verify various base-band array signal processing algorithms - art. no. 591307

A flexible implementation for Doppler radar to verify variou...

引用

17th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Yang, E Lee, J Jung, B Chun, J Korea Adv Inst Sci & Technol Comp Sci Lab Taejon 305701 South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)0819459186

We describe a flexible hardware system of the Doppler radar which. is designed to verify various baseband array signal processing algorithms. In this work we design the Doppler radar system simulator for baseband signal processing in laboratory level. Based on this baseband signal processor, a PN-code pulse doppler radar simulator is developed. More specifically, this simulator consists of an echo signal generation part and a signal processing part. For the echo signal generation part, we use active array structure with 4 elements, and adopt baker coded PCM signal in transmission and reception for digital pulse compression. In the signal processing part, we first transform RF radar pulse to the baseband signal because we use the basebands algorithms using IF sampling. Various digital bearnforming algorithms can be adopted as a baseband algorithm in our simulator. We mainly use Multiple Sidelobe Canceller (MSC) with main array antenna elements and auxiliary antenna elements as beamforming and sidelobe canceller algorithm. For Doppler filtering algorithms, we use the FFT. A control set is necessary to control overall system and to manage the timing schedule for the operation.

关键词： Doppler radar FFT beamforming sidelobe canceller CFAR pulse compression

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Poisson models for extended target and group tracking

Poisson models for extended target and group tracking

引用

17th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Gilholm, K Godsill, S Maskell, S Salmond, D QinetiQ Farnborough GU1 0LX Hants England

ISBN: (纸本)0819459186

It is common practice to represent a target group (or an extended target) as set of point sources and attempt to formulate a tracking filter by constructing possible assignments between measurements and the sources. We suggest an alternative approach that produces a measurement model (likelihood) in terms of the spatial density of measurements over the sensor observation region. In particular, the measurements are modelled as a Poisson process with a spatially dependent rate parameter. this representation allows us to model extended targets as an intensity distribution rather than a set of points and, for a target formation, it gives the option of modelling part of the group as a spatial distribution of target density. Furthermore, as a direct consequence of the Poisson model, the measurement likelihood may be evaluated without constructing explicit association hypotheses. this considerably simplifies the filter and gives a substantial computational saving in a particle filter implementation. the Poisson target-measurement model will be described and its relationship to other filters will be discussed. Illustrative simulation examples will be presented.

关键词： target tracking extended targets Poisson models particle filters

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the probability of misassociation between neighboring targets

The probability of misassociation between neighboring target...

引用

20th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Areta, Javier A. Bar-Shalom, Yaakov Rothrock, Ronald Univ Connecticut Storrs CT 06269 USA Sparta Syst Inc Arlington VA 22209 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819471604

this paper presents procedures to calculate the probability that the measurement originating from an extraneous target will be (mis)associated with a target of interest for the cases of Nearest Neighbor and Global association. It is shown that these misassociation probabilities depend., under certain assumptions, on a particular - covariance weighted - norm of the difference between the targets' predicted measurements. For the Nearest Neighbor association, the exact solution, obtained for the case of equal innovation covariances, is based on a noncentral chi-square distribution. An approximate solution is also presented for the case of unequal innovation covariances. For the Global case an approximation is presented for the case of "similar" innovation covariances. In the general case of unequal innovation covariances where this approximation fails, an exact method based on the inversion of the characteristic function is presented. the theoretical results, confirmed by Monte Carlo simulations, quantify the benefit of Global vs. Nearest Neighbor association. these results are applied to problems of single sensor as well as centralized fusion architecture multiple sensor tracking.

关键词： Monte Carlo methods Sensors Matrices Target detection Detection and tracking algorithms Radar signal to noise ratio Algorithm development Distance measurement Sensor fusion

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Radar measurement noise variance estimation with several targets of opportunity - art. no. 62360M

Radar measurement noise variance estimation with several tar...

引用

18th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Osborne, Richard W., III Bar-Shalom, Yaakov Univ Connecticut Storrs CT USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819462926

A number of methods exist to track a target's uncertain motion through space using inherently inaccurate sensor measurements. A powerful method of adaptive estimation is the interacting multiple model (IMM) estimator. In order to carry out state estimation from the noisy measurements of a sensor, however, the filter should have knowledge of the statistical characteristics of the noise associated with that sensor. the statistical characteristics (accuracies) of real sensors, however, are not always available, in particular for legacy sensors. this paper presents a method of determining the measurement noise variances of a sensor by using multiple IMM estimators while tracking targets whose motion is not known - targets of opportunity. Combining techniques outlined in [1] and [3], the likelihood functions are obtained for a number of IMM estimators, each with different assumptions on the measurement noise variances. then a search is carried out to bracket the variances of the sensor measurement noises. the end result consists of estimates of the measurement noise variances of the sensor in question.

关键词： tracking noise estimation

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Tracking of low-observable small targets against clutter

Tracking of low-observable small targets against clutter

引用

13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Shue, L Venkateswarlu, R Lim, ET Nanyang Technol Univ Ctr Signal Proc Singapore 639798 Singapore

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

Detection and tracking of low-observable moving targets against heavy clutter in a sequence of infrared images is an important research area. the focus of research in this area is to reliably pick up the most potential targets, track the targets with varying speed and direction, and at the same time reduce the false alarm rate to ala acceptable level. However, there is no single method that works equally well hi all situations. this paper presents an integrated algorithm based on area-correlation tracker (ACT) and Kalman filter for improving ACT performance for targets with varying speed and direction. Divergence and loss of target when the target is stationary are the two typical problems associated with ACT. In our algorithm, we propose to overcome these shortcomings by introducing an online procedure for updating (or not updating in the case of occlusions) the reference template, in conjunction with linear predictions by using a Kalman filter.

关键词： small target image registration area-correlation Kalman filter

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UWB Microwave Monopulse Radar System for Breast Cancer Detection

UWB Microwave Monopulse Radar System for Breast Cancer Detec...

引用

4th International conference on signal processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS)/12th International Symposium on DSP and Communication Systems (DSPCS)/9th Workshop on the Internet, Telecommunications and signal processing (WTSP)

作者： Bialkowski, Marek E. Wang, Yifan Abbosh, Amin Univ Queensland Sch Informat Technol & Elect Engn St Lucia Qld 4072 Australia

ISBN: (纸本)9781424479078

the concept of an Ultra Wideband (UWB) Monopulse Microwave Radar System for detection and location of breast cancer is described. the system uses a two-element Tapered Slot Antenna (TSA) array accompanied by a UWB 180 degrees hybrid which scans the breast. When the breast tissue features symmetry with respect to the array axis and the hybrid enables the 180 degrees out phase feeding operation, the array automatically eliminates background while extracting information about an off axis target. the data obtained from the scan is post-processed using a novel imaging algorithm to locate the target. the design of the required 2-element UWB array antenna and the 180 degrees hybrid is presented. the validity of the proposed breast cancer detection method is demonstrated in an example of a simple breast phantom formed by a cylindrical plastic container filled with a vegetable oil and small cylindrical targets.

关键词： UWB microwave monopulse radar system biomedical imaging breast cancer detection breast cancer location breast tissue cancer imaging algorithm microwave antenna arrays microwave imaging radar imaging small cylindrical targets tapered slot antenna array ult

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