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International conference on Information Fusion

作者： Bruno Demissie Marc Oispuu Eicke Ruthotto Department Sensor Data and Information Fusion FGAN-FKIE Wachtberg Germany

We study a direct location estimator for the problem of calculating the positions of multiple sources from measurements made with a moving antenna array. In the first pre-processing step, subspaces are formed from the raw antenna outputs at all positions of the moving array. then the parameters of interest are directly estimated from a cost function that results from fusing all subspaces. this Subspace data Fusion (SDF) approach requires only a low-dimensional optimization and avoids the data association problem inherent in Bearings-only Localization (BOL) methods. In Monte Carlo simulations, we compare SDF with BOL, where the data association is solved with a Kalman filter-based tracking algorithm. We find that the SDF estimator approaches the Cramer-Rao Bound (CRB) and always performs better than the BOL method. In the case of small signal-to-noise ratio, closely spaced targets, and crossing bearings the SDF estimator considerably outperforms the BOL estimator.

关键词： signal to noise ratio Direction of arrival estimation Cost function Arrays Noise Target tracking Antennas

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A design of high performance infrared search and track system using dual band I-D sensors

A design of high performance infrared search and track syste...

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34th conference on Infrared Technology and Applications

作者： Joung, Shichang Choi, Byungin Nam, Sanghoon Youn, Jungsu Yang, Yukyung Lee, Joohyoung Samsung Thales Co Ltd Yongin 446712 Gyeonggi South Korea

ISBN: (纸本)9780819471314

In the maritime environment, the main goals of an infrared search and track system is to search and track the targets approaching to ships, such as sea skimming missiles, small ships, and aircrafts. In this paper, we propose a high performance infrared search and track system. Our proposed infrared search and track system is composed of a dual band infrared detection module, signal processing module, servo control module, and control console module. In the dual band infrared detection module, the sensor head of our proposed system is organized by one-dimensional MWIR and LWIR detectors (480X6) with 3-axes servo stabilization. the signal-processing module consists of several blocks such as a target detection block, target tracking block, panoramic video displaying block, video input/output block, and system control block. those blocks perform the signal-processing algorithms involved with target search and tracking. In our proposed system, adaptive temporal and spatial filtering methods, which can reduce background clutters effectively, are used for target detection. Moreover, the extended Kalman filter and the integrated probabilistic data association (IPDA) algorithm are adapted for target tracking. therefore, our proposed infrared search and track system can increase the defense ability of warships due to long range and high accuracy of target detection and tracking.

关键词： Infrared search and track target detection target tracking dual band MWIR LWIR Kalman filter integrated probabilistic data association

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Quantization on the Grassmann manifold

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON signal processing 2007年第8期55卷 4208-4216页

作者： Mondal, Bishwarup Dutta, Satyaki Heath, Robert W., Jr. Univ Texas Dept Elect & Comp Engn Wireless Networking & Communicat Grp Austin TX 78712 USA SUNY Stony Brook Dept Math Stony Brook NY 11794 USA

the problem of quantization in an Euclidean space with unitary constraints can be formulated as an unconstrained problem on a Grassmann manifold. Such constraints arise in areas such as wireless communication with multiple antennas at the transmitter and at the receiver. Due to the constraints, the distortion rate analysis developed for Euclidean spaces cannot be applied directly. this paper extends Gersho's asymptotic (large rate, small distortion) distortion bounds to the case when the source is distributed on the complex Grassmann manifold. the special structure of the Grassmann manifold and the distortion measures defined on it differentiate this problem from the traditional vector quantization in Euclidean spaces.

关键词： array signal processing MIMO systems quantization rate distortion theory

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Simulation of signal and data processing for a pair of GEO IR sensors

Simulation of signal and data processing for a pair of GEO I...

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19th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Keil, Karl-Heinz Hupfer, Werner EADS Astrium GmbH Bremen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468475

this paper describes experiences and results from developing a basic signal and data processing simulation for a pair of GEO IR sensors observing the boost phase of theater Ballistic Missiles (TBM). the goal of such a system is the detection of launched TBM, also against a cloud background, and the tracking from cloud break ideally up to boost-end. Two GEO satellites are used for stereo view of one and the same non-global limited Field-of-Regard (FOR). they are positioned in such a way that both cover the FOR and provide a sufficient triangulation baseline. signal processing is applied for each of both passive IR sensors in order to detect and track the TBM on the focal plane. the applied approach can be summarized under the term 'velocity filtering'. data processing operates on the 2-D signal processing input from both IR sensors, i.e. azimuth and elevation line-of-sight (LOS) angles as well as their rates. the goal is to provide 3-D tracks of the targets, which can be used to cue early warning or fire control radars. the underlying simulation model constitutes a prototype and vehicle for further research. Nevertheless, even in its current stage it provides a first tool for the analysis and evaluation of corresponding sensor design concepts.

关键词： signal processing data processing Satellites Filtering (signal processing) Digital filtering Sensors Clouds Infrared sensors Target detection Optical filters

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Hybrid radar signal fusion for unresolved target detection

Hybrid radar signal fusion for unresolved target detection

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19th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Nandakumaran, N. Sinha, A. Kirubarajan, T. McMaster Univ Dept Elect & Comp Engn ETF Lab Hamilton ON Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468475

Radar systems have good radial resolution, but they have poor angular resolution that results in unresolved measurements. this problem can be mitigated by utilizing the spatial diversity of multistatic radar system. In this paper, the detection of unresolved targets with a hybrid radar system using signal level fusion is considered. the system consists of two receivers: one is co-located with the transmitter and the other is located far from the transmitter. the area of interest, where the transmitter is focused on, is divided into grids, which are formed by circular range bins of the monostatic receiver and elliptical range bins of the bistatic receiver. Assuming these grids are good enough to resolve the targets (i.e., each grid has at most one target and vice versa), the amplitudes of the targets (corresponding to all grids) that maximize the likelihoods of the signals obtained from both receivers are determined. these optimum values are then compared against a threshold for the final decision. Simulation studies are performed to demonstrate the proposed algorithm for hybrid radar system with unresolved targets. the simulation results confirm the enhancement in detection of unresolved targets by fusing coherently received signals from both monostatic and bistatic receivers.

关键词： unresolved targets closely-spaced targets hybrid radar bistatic radar signal fusion

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Simulation assessment of RCS-aided multiple target tracking

Simulation assessment of RCS-aided multiple target tracking

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19th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Dunham, Darin T. Ehrman, Lisa. M. Blair, W. Dale Frost, Susan A. Vectraxx Inc Glen Allen VA 23059 USA Georgia Inst Technol Sensors & Electromagnet Applicat Lab Georgia Tech Res Inst Atlanta GA 30332 USA Vectraxx Inc Ft Collins CO 80521 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468475

Closely-spaced (but resolved) targets pose a significant challenge for single-frame unique measurement-to-track data association algorithms. this is due to the similarity of the Mahalanobis distances between the closely-spaced measurements and tracks. Contrary to conventional wisdom, adding target feature information (e.g target amplitude) does not necessarily improve the probability of correctly assigning measurements to tracks. In this paper, the theoretical limitations of using radar cross section (RCS) data to aid in measurement-to-track association are reviewed. the results of a hi,h-fidelity simulation assessment of the benefits of RCS-aided measurement-to-track association (using the signal-to-Noise Ratio) are given and other possibilities for RCS-aided tracking are discussed. Namely, we show the analytical results of our investigation into using RCS information to determine the presence of merged measurements.

关键词： signal to noise ratio Target detection Sensors Switches Kinematics Radar Mahalanobis distance signal processing Time metrology Detection and tracking algorithms

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Evaluation of a posteriori probabilities of multi-frame data association hypotheses

Evaluation of a posteriori probabilities of multi-frame data...

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19th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Mori, Shozo Chong, Chee BAE Syst Adv Informat Technol 5050 El Camino RealSuite 200 Los Altos CA 94022 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468475

this paper discusses the problem of numerically evaluating multi-frame, data association hypotheses in multiple-target tracking in terms of their a posteriori probabilities. We describe two approaches to the problem: (1) an approach based on K-best multi-frame data association hypothesis selection algorithms, and (2) a more direct approach to calculating a posteriori probabilities through Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo (MCMC) or sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods. this paper defines algorithms based on those two approaches and compares their performance, and it discusses their relative effectiveness, using simple numerical examples.

关键词： multiple target tracking track-oriented multiple-hypothesis tracking (MHT) multiple-frame data association hypothesis K-best multiple-frame hypothesis selection Markov-chain-Monte-Carlo (MCMC) method sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method

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Bias estimation using targets of opportunity

Bias estimation using targets of opportunity

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19th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Kragel, Bret D. Danford, Scott Herman, Shawn M. Poore, Aubrey B. Numer Corp 4850 Hahns Peak Dr Loveland CO 80538 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468475

Fusion of data from multiple sensors can be hindered by systematic errors known as biases. Specifically, the presence of biases can lead to data misassociation and redundant tracks. Fortunately, if an estimate of the unknown biases can be obtained, the measurements and transformations for each sensor can be debiased prior to fusion. In this paper, we present an algorithm that uses targets of opportunity in the sensor field-of-view for online estimation of time-variant biases. the algorithm uses the singular value decomposition (SVD) to automatically handle the issue of parameter observability during tracking, allowing for shorter estimation windows and more accurate bias estimation. Our approach extends the novel methods proposed in the companion paper(1) by Herman and Poore that used the SVD within a nonlinear least-squares estimator to handle the issue of parameter observability during offline estimation of time-invariant biases using truth data.

关键词： bias estimation sensor registration gridlock nonlinear least-squares singular value decomposition bias observability

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MHT tracking for crossing sonar targets

MHT tracking for crossing sonar targets

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19th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Willett, Peter Luginbuhl, Tod Giannopoulos, Evangelos Univ Connecticut Dept ECE Storrs CT 06269 USA Naval Undersea Warfare Ctr Newport RI 02841 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468475

Sometimes radar targets cross and become unresolved;this is a concern, but with a reasonable track depth and an appropriate merged-measurement model the concern is considerably mitigated. Sonar targets, however, can become merged (in the same beam) for considerably longer, particularly with bearing-only measurements. In such cases the crossing times can be 100 scans long, and no reasonable depth exists for an multi-frame tracker that can "see" both ends of the merged period. Further, there is a demonstrable tendency for estimated targets to repel each other as they are being tracked. In this paper we explore the hypothesis-oriented multi-hypothesis tracker (HO-MHT), an MHT approach that uses the new "rollout" optimization insight and the to give an appropriate and cost-effective means to rank hypotheses, and also the PMHT tracker that operates on batches of scans with linear computational complexity in most quantities. We show results in terms of estimation error (RMSE), consistency (NEES) and computational effort in both linear and beam-space tracking scenarios.

关键词： tracking MHT PMHT unresolved targets sonar

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Map integration in tracking

Map integration in tracking

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19th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Sworder, David D. Boyd, John E. Hutchins, R. G. Univ Calif San Diego Dept Elect & Comp Engn La Jolla CA 92093 USA Cub Def Applicat San Diego CA 92186 USA Naval Postgrad Sch Dept EECE Monterey CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9780819468475

A multiple model tracking algorithm has considerable advantage when the target is moving on a road grid. A map-enhanced algorithm magnifies this by excluding large regions of the 2D motion-space from search. However, integrating the grid of streets and junctions into a recursive algorithm is challenging. this paper presents a map-enhanced, tracker that uses local models tuned to motions on the four cardinal directions. Map compliance is achieved by re-initializing the local kinematic state when a modal change occurs and by moving the local estimate to the map after a measurement update. Unfortunately, the transition dynamics of the modal state depend upon the kinematic state. A proposed junction influence function is based upon a rapidly decaying measure of the distance from the target to the nearest compatible junction.

关键词： nonlinear filters target tracking data fusion

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