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Reducing MHT computational requirements through use of Cheap JPDA methods

Reducing MHT computational requirements through use of Cheap...

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13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Quevedo, H Blackman, S Nichols, T Dempster, R Wenski, R Raytheon Syst Co El Segundo CA 90245 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

Hypothesis formation is a major computational burden for any multiple hypotheses tracking (MHT) method. In particular, a track-oriented MHT method defines compatible tracks to be tracks not sharing common observations and then re-forms hypotheses from compatible tracks after each new scan of data is received. the Cheap Joint Probabilistic data Association (CJPDA) method provides an efficient means for computing approximate hypothesis probabilities. this paper presents a method for extending CJPDA calculations in order to eliminate low probability track branches in a track-oriented MHT method. the method is tested using IRST data. this approach reduces the number of tracks in a cluster and the resultant computations required for hypothesis formation. It is also suggested that the use of CJPDA methods can reduce assignment matrix sizes and resultant computations for the hypothesis-oriented (Reid's algorithm) MHT implementation.

关键词： multi target tracking (MTT) multiple hypothesis tracker (MHT) Cheap Joint Probabilistic data Association (CJPDA) infrared search and track (IRST)

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Detection of small periodic binary signals in image sequences: Moving signal sources

Detection of small periodic binary signals in image sequence...

引用

13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Feldman, G Bar, D Tugendhaft, I Soreq Nucl Res Ctr IL-81800 Yavne Israel

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

An algorithm developed for detection, localization and tracking of periodic signals, that appear as few-pixel blobs in image sequences and have a characteristic binary pattern in the temporal domain, is described. It is the further development of our original algorithin (1) that extends its capabilities to the detection of moving targets and also improves its performance in some cases. We sketch those stages of the algorithm that were already described and discussed in (1). then we describe in full detail the new features of our algorithm, namely: 1) A search for signal sources that move with a relatively-slowly-varying velocity. this velocity is adaptively estimated and re-estimated in order to maximize the correlation with the time-domain pattern. While the first estimate is performed at pixel level, the re-estimation ( when tracking detected signals) is performed at the blob level. 2) Re-estimation of the spatial domain background around the already-detected blob, yielding a more precise estimate of the blob. the new algorithm was tested by processing simulated, as well as real, image sequences. the results are discussed. the principal conclusion is that all good features of our original algorithm, namely: efficient detection of visible signals, reasonable detection of invisible signals, insensitivity to local motions in a video, to camera motion, to intensity changes and to any weak flickering of background, remain valid. However, we are required to increase slightly the minimal length of the time-domain correlation (thus, the delay in detection) at the same false alarm probability. Finally, we also consider the problem of the most suitable temporal-domain pattern for signals to be detected.

关键词： image sequence signal detection image registration pattern background subtraction correlation

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Network MFA tracking architectures

Network MFA tracking architectures

引用

13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Lu, SH Poore, AB Suchomel, BJ Colorado State Univ Dept Math Ft Collins CO 80523 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

this work presents some initial steps in the development of a decentralized network centric multiple. frame assignment (MFA) class of architecture algorithms that affordably preserves the quality of a centralized architecture across a network of platforms while managing communication loading and achieving a consistent air picture on entities of interest for each platform. In particular, this work discusses four architectures, namely, Centralized, Network MFA Centralized, Network MEA, on Local data and Network Tracks, and Network MFA on All data and Network Tracks and the results of extensive computations with the architectures.

关键词： centralized architecture network MFA centralized network MFA on local data and network tracks network MFA on all data and network tracks

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the evidential reasoning tracker: Further steps towards a unified theory of sensor fusion

The evidential reasoning tracker: Further steps towards a un...

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13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Mahalanabis, A Lobbia, RN Nguyen, QB Boeing Co Boeing Phantom Works Div Seattle WA 98124 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

the discipline of Sensor and data Fusion is increasingly characterized by a set of disparate tools and principles. An initial consideration of these principles belies any theoretical coherence or commonality. Yet secondary inspection may begin to reveal a fundamental basis that ties together these algorithms. this paper represents the second in a multi-part discussion that attempts to explore this common basis. In particular, while our first discussion centered around the use of a traditional state estimation technique (Kalman Filtering) to perform decision-level identity fusion, in the paper we take the opposite approach, using a traditional decision-level ID technique (Dempster-Shafer Calculus) to do state estimation.

关键词： Sensor data fusion

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small moving object detection using adaptive subband decomposition and fractional lower order statistics in video sequences

Small moving object detection using adaptive subband decompo...

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13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Bagci, AM Yardimci, Y Çetin, AE Bilkent Univ Dept Elect & Elect Engn Ankara Turkey

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

In this paper, a small moving object method detection method in video sequences is described. In the first step, the camera motion is eliminated using motion compensation. An adaptive subband decomposition structure is then used to analyze the motion compensated image. In the highband subimages moving objects appear as outliers and they are detected using a statistical detection test based on lower order statistics. It turns out that in general, the distribution of the residual error image pixels is almost Gaussian. On the other hand, the distribution of the pixels in the residual image deviates from Gaussianity in the existence of outliers. By detecting the regions containing outliers the boundaries of the moving objects are estimated. Simulation examples are presented.

关键词： moving object detection adaptive subband decomposition wavelet transform lower order statistics

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Stereo vision for small targets in IR image sequences

Stereo vision for small targets in IR image sequences

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13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Jutzi, B Gabler, R Jaeger, K FGAN FOM Res Inst Optron & Pattern Recognit D-76275 Ettlingen Germany

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

Surveillance systems against missile attacks require the automatic detection of targets with low false alarm rate (FAR). Infrared Search and Track (IRST) systems offer a passive detection of threats at long ranges. For maximum reaction time and the arrangement of counter measurements, it is necessary to declare the objects as early as possible. For this purpose the detection and tracking algorithms have to deal with point objects. Conventional object features like shape, size and texture are usually unreliable for small objects. More reliable features of point objects are three-dimensional spatial position and velocity. At least two sensors observing the same scene are required for multi-ocular stereo vision. Mainly three steps are relevant for successful stereo image processing. First of all the precise camera calibration (estimating the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters) is necessary to satisfy the demand of high degree of accuracy, especially for long range targets. Secondly the correspondence problem for the detected objects must be solved. thirdly the three-dimensional location of the potential target has to be determined by projective transformation. For an evaluation a measurement campaign to capture image data was carried out with real targets using two identical IR cameras and additionally synthetic IR image sequences have been generated and processed. In this paper a straightforward solution for stereo analysis based on stationary bin-ocular sensors is presented, the current results are shown and suggestions for future work are given.

关键词： IRST infrared stereo multiple target tracking point targets image sequence processing false alarms camera calibration projective reconstruction

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A comparison of recursive angle-only target tracking algorithms

A comparison of recursive angle-only target tracking algorit...

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13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Elliott, RJ Dufour, F Malcolm, WP Univ Calgary Fac Management Calgary AB T2N 1N4 Canada

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

In this article we consider estimation for a discrete-time hybrid dynamical system. Hybrid dynamical systems arise quite naturally in many estimation problems, for example target tracking in a maneuvering target scenario. the most commonly used suboptimal estimation algorithm for the problem class just described, is the so called Interacting Multiple Model (IMM) algorithm. In the work presented here, angle-only target tracking problems are considered, in particular we consider scenarios including maneuvering targets. One approach to this class of problem is to apply the IMM scheme. Using the scheme in Elliott and Dufour,(1) we compute estimates of position and velocity for a maneuvering target when only the target bearing is available. these estimates are compared to the IMM scheme applied to the same problem. It is shown that the algorithm proposed in Elliott and Dufour(1) offers significant improvements over the IMM scheme.

关键词： angle-only tracking hybrid dynamics maneuvering targets reference probability

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3-D track initiation in clutter using 2-D measurements

3-D track initiation in clutter using 2-D measurements

引用

13th conference on signal and data processing of small targets

作者： Lin, L Kirubarajan, T Bar-Shalom, Y Univ Connecticut Dept ECE Storrs CT 06269 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819441872

In this paper we present an algorithm for initiating 3-D tracks using range and azimuth (bearing) measurements from a 2-D radar on a moving platform. the work is motivated by the need to track possibly low-flying targets, e.g., cruise missiles, using reports from an aircraft-based surveillance radar. Previous work on this problem considered simple linear motion in a flat earth coordinate frame [13]. Our research extends this to a more realistic scenario where the earth's curvature is also considered. the target is assumed to be moving along a great circle at a constant altitude. After the necessary coordinate transformations, the measurements are nonlinear functions of the target state and the observability of target altitude is severely limited. the observability, quantified by the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound (CRLB), is very sensitive to the sensor-to-target geometry. the paper presents a Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimator for estimating the target motion parameters in the Earth Centered Earth Fixed coordinate frame from 2-D range and angle measurements. In order to handle the possibility of false measurements and missed detections, which was not considered in [13], we use the Probabilistic data Association (PDA) algorithm to weight the detections in a frame. the PDA-based modified global likelihood is optimized using a numerical search. the accuracies obtained by the resulting ML-PDA estimator are quantified using the CRLB for different scnsor-target configurations. It is shown that the proposed estimator is efficient, that is, it meets the CRLB. Of particular interest is the achievable accuracy for estimating the target altitude, which is not observed directly by the 2-D radar, but can be only inferred from the range and bearing observations.

关键词： target tracking track initiation Cramer-Rao lower bound NIL estimator probabilistic data association

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A study of target variability and exact signature reproduction requirements for Ka-band radar data

A study of target variability and exact signature reproducti...

引用

conference on signal processing, Sensor Fusion, and Target Recognition X

作者： Giles, RH Kersey, WT McFarlin, MS Finley, R Neilson, HJ Nixon, WE Univ Lowell Submillimeter Wave Technol Lab STL Lowell MA 01854 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819440752

A variety of ATR algorithms have promised improved performance, not yet realized operationally. Typically, good results have been reported on data sets of limited size that have been tested in a laboratory environment, only to see the performance degrade when stressed with real-world target and environmental variability. To investigate exact signature reproduction requirements along with target and environment variability issues for stressing new ATR metrics, the U.S. Army's National Ground Intelligence Center (NGIC) and targets Management Office (TMO) originated, sponsored, and directed a signature project plan to acquire multiple target full-polarimetric Ka-band radar signature data at Eglin AFB, as well as its submillimeter-wave compact radar range equivalent using high-fidelity exact 1/16th scale replicas fabricated by the ERADS program. To effectively understand signature reproduction requirements through the variability of multiple target RCS characteristics, TMO and NGIC sponsored researchers at U Mass Lowell's Submillimeter-Wave Technology Laboratory (STL) and Simulation Technologies (SimTech) to analyze the intra-class and inter-class variability of the full-scale Ka-band turntable signature data. NGIC, TMO, STL and SimTech researchers then traveled to the location of the vehicles measured at Eglin AFB and conducted extensive documentation and mensuration on these vehicles. Using this information, ERADS built high fidelity, articulatable exact replicas for measurement in the NGIC's compact radar ranges. signal processing software established by STL researchers in an NGIC directed signature study was used to execute an HRR and ISAR cross-correlation study of the field and scale-model signature data.(1) the signature-to-signature variability quantified is presented, along with a description and examples of the signature analysis techniques exploited. this signature data is available from NGIC on request for Government Agencies and Government Contractors with

关键词： HRR Ka-band polarimetric signature ISAR imagery ATR

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Advanced detection and correlation based automatic target recognition

Advanced detection and correlation based automatic target re...

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11th conference on Automatic Target Recognition

作者： Mahalanobis, A Muise, R Lockheed Martin Orlando FL 32819 USA

ISBN: (纸本)0819440744

Recognizing targets in infra-red (IR) images has been a long-standing and challenging problem. In this paper we outline a combination of detection methods based on optimized feature discrimination and correlation based classification techniques that demonstrate an improvement ability to separate target from clutter. Preliminary results are shown on a small subset of data obtained from NVESD to illustrate the possible performance gains.

关键词： Target detection Automatic target recognition Sensors Image processing Detection and tracking algorithms Image filtering signal to noise ratio Target recognition Feature extraction Infrared imaging

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