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Beyond static and dynamic scope

Beyond static and dynamic scope

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5th Dynamic languages Symposium, DLS '09, Co-located with the 24th Annual ACM conference on object-oriented programming, systems, languages and applications, oopsla 2009

作者： Tanter, Éric University of Chile Santiago Chile

ISBN: (纸本)9781605587691

Traditional treatment of scoping in programming languages considers two opposite semantics: static scoping, where the scope of a binding is a block of program text, and dynamic scoping, where a binding is in effect during the whole reduction of an expression to a value. Static scoping and dynamic scoping are however but two points in the design space of scoping mechanisms. As a result, most proposed language mechanisms that rely on some notion of scoping, such as variable bindings of course, but also more exotic ones like aspects and mixin layers, adopt either one or the other semantics. As it turns out, these two semantics are sometimes too extreme, and a mixture of both is needed. To achieve this, language designers and/or programmers have to resort to ad hoc solutions. We present a general scoping model that simply expresses static and dynamic scoping, and that goes further by allowing fine-grained exploration of the design space of scoping. The model, called scoping strategies, gives precise control over propagation and activation of language mechanisms. While we have already studied it for aspects, we hereby show that the model is not restricted to aspects, by treating in depth its application to the most standard kind of adaptation: variable bindings. We also briefly discuss its application tomixin layers, and program monitoring. We believe that research in programming language constructs can benefit from a more flexible notion of scoping that goes beyond the static/dynamic dichotomy. Copyright © 2009.

关键词： object oriented programming

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Grace: Safe Multithreaded programming for C/C++ 09

Grace: Safe Multithreaded Programming for C/C++

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24th Annual ACM conference on object-oriented programming, systems, languages and applications

作者： Berger, Emery D. Yang, Ting Liu, Tongping Novark, Gene Univ Massachusetts Dept Comp Sci Amherst MA 01003 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605587660

The shift from single to multiple core architectures means that programmers must write concurrent, multithreaded programs in order to increase application performance. Unfortunately, multithreaded applications are susceptible to numerous errors, including deadlocks, race conditions, atomicity violations, and order violations. These errors are notoriously difficult for programmers to debug. This paper presents Grace, a software-only runtime system that eliminates concurrency errors for a class of multithreaded programs: those based on fork-join parallelism. By turning threads into processes, leveraging virtual memory protection, and imposing a sequential commit protocol, Grace provides programmers with the appearance of deterministic, sequential execution, while taking advantage of available processing cores to run code concurrently and efficiently. Experimental results demonstrate Grace's effectiveness: with modest code changes across a suite of computationally-intensive benchmarks (1-16 lines), Grace can achieve high scalability and performance while preventing concurrency errors.

关键词： Performance Reliability Concurrency determinism deterministic concurrency fork-join sequential semantics

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Design Pattern Density Defined 09

Design Pattern Density Defined

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24th Annual ACM conference on object-oriented programming, systems, languages and applications

作者： Riehle, Dirk SAP Labs LLC SAP Res Palo Alto CA 94304 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605587349

Design pattern density is a metric that measures how much of an object-oriented design can be understood and represented as instances of design patterns Expert developers have long believed that a high design pattern density implies a high maturity of the design under inspection This paper presents a quantifiable and observable definition of this metric The metric is illustrated and qualitatively validated using four real-world case studies We present several hypotheses of the metric's meaning and their including the one about design maturity We propose that the design pattern density of a maturing framework has a fixed point and we show that if software design patterns make learning frameworks easier, a framework's design pattern density is a measure of how much easier it will become

关键词： Design patterns design pattern density role modeling collaboration-based design inheritance interface object-oriented framework object-oriented design framework maturity JUnit JHotDraw object-oriented case study

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Debug All Your Code: Portable Mixed-Environment Debugging 09

Debug All Your Code: Portable Mixed-Environment Debugging

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24th Annual ACM conference on object-oriented programming, systems, languages and applications

作者： Lee, Byeongcheol Hirzel, Martin Grimm, Robert McKinley, Kathryn S. Univ Texas Austin Austin TX 78712 USA NYU New York NY 10003 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605587660

Programmers build large-scale systems with multiple languages to reuse legacy code and leverage languages best suited to their problems. For instance, the same program may use Java for ease-of-programming and C to interface with the operating system. These programs pose significant debugging challenges, because programmers need to understand and control code across languages, which may execute in different environments. Unfortunately, traditional multilingual debuggers require a single execution environment. This paper presents a novel composition approach to building portable mixed-environment debuggers, in which an intermediate agent interposes on language transitions, controlling and reusing single-environment debuggers. We implement debugger composition in Blink, a debugger for Java, C, and the Jeannie programming language. We show that Blink is (1) relatively simple: it requires modest amounts of new code;(2) portable: it supports multiple Java Virtual Machines, C compilers, operating systems, and component debuggers;and (3) powerful: composition eases debugging, while supporting new mixed-language expression evaluation and Java Native Interface (JNI) bug diagnostics. In real-world case studies, we show that language-interface errors require single-environment debuggers to restart execution multiple times, whereas Blink directly diagnoses them with one execution. We also describe extensions for other mixed-environments to show debugger composition will generalize.

关键词： languages Design Reliability Foreign Function Interface JNI Composition

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Empirical Assessment of object-oriented Implementations with Multiple Inheritance and Static Typing 09

Empirical Assessment of Object-Oriented Implementations with...

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24th Annual ACM conference on object-oriented programming, systems, languages and applications

作者： Ducournau, Roland Morandat, Floreal Privat, Jean Univ Montpellier 2 LIRMM F-34095 Montpellier 5 France Univ Quebec Montreal Montreal PQ Canada

ISBN: (纸本)9781605587660

object-oriented languages involve a threefold tradeoff between runtime efficiency, expressiveness (multiple inheritance), and modularity, i.e. open-world assumption (OWA). Runtime efficiency is conditioned by both the implementation technique and compilation scheme. The former specifies the data structures that support method invocation, attribute access and subtype testing. The latter consists of the production line of an executable from the source code. Many implementation techniques have been proposed and several compilation schemes can be considered from fully global compilation under the closed-world assumption (CWA) to separate compilation with dynamic loading under the OWA, with midway solutions. This article reviews a significant subset of possible combinations and presents a systematic, empirical comparison of their respective efficiencies with all other things being equal. The testbed consists of the PRM compiler that has been designed for this purpose. The considered techniques include C++ subobjects, coloring, perfect hashing, binary tree dispatch and caching. A variety of processors were considered. Qualitatively, these first results confirm the intuitive or theoretical abstract assessments of the tested approaches. As expected, efficiency increases as CWA strengthens. From a quantitative standpoint, the results are the first to precisely compare the efficiency of techniques that are closely associated with specific languages like C++ and EIFFEL. They also confirm that perfect hashing should be considered for implementing JAVA and. NET interfaces.

关键词： Experimentation languages Measurement Performance binary tree dispatch closed-world assumption coloring downcast dynamic loading interfaces late binding method tables multiple inheritance multiple subtyping open-world assumption perfect hashing single inheritance subtype test type analysis virtual function tables

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Static Extraction and Conformance Analysis of Hierarchical Runtime Architectural Structure using Annotations 09

Static Extraction and Conformance Analysis of Hierarchical R...

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24th Annual ACM conference on object-oriented programming, systems, languages and applications

作者： Abi-Antoun, Marwan Aldrich, Jonathan Carnegie Mellon Univ Sch Comp Sci Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605587660

An object diagram makes explicit the object structures that are only implicit in a class diagram. An object diagram may be missing and must extracted from the code. Alternatively, an existing diagram may be inconsistent with the code, and must be analyzed for conformance with the implementation. One can generalize the global object diagram of a system into a runtime architecture which abstracts objects into components, represents how those components interact, and can decompose a component into a nested sub-architecture. A static object diagram represents all objects and inter-object relations possibly created, and is recovered by static analysis of a program. Existing analyses extract static object diagrams that are non-hierarchical, do not scale, and do not provide meaningful architectural abstraction. Indeed, architectural hierarchy is not readily observable in arbitrary code. Previous approaches used breaking language extensions to specify hierarchy and instances in code, or used dynamic analyses to extract dynamic object diagrams that show objects and relations for a few program runs. Typecheckable ownership domain annotations use existing language support for annotations and specify in code object encapsulation, logical containment and architectural tiers. These annotations enable a points-to static analysis to extract a sound global object graph that provides architectural abstraction by ownership hierarchy and by types, where architecturally significant objects appear near the top of the hierarchy and data structures are further down. Another analysis can abstract an object graph into a built runtime architecture. Then, a third analysis can compare the built architecture to a target, analyze and measure their structural conformance, establish traceability between the two and identify interesting differences.

关键词： Experimentation languages Theory

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Parallel programming with object Assemblies 09

Parallel Programming with Object Assemblies

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24th Annual ACM conference on object-oriented programming, systems, languages and applications

作者： Lublinerman, Roberto Chaudhuri, Swarat Cerny, Pavol Penn State Univ University Pk PA 16802 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605587349

We present Chorus, a high-level parallel programming model suitable for irregular, heap-manipulating applications like mesh refinement and epidemic simulations, and JChorus. an implementation of the model on top of Java. One goal of Chorus is to express the dynamic and instance-dependent patterns of memory access that are common in typical irregular applications. Its other focus is locality of effects the property that in many of the same applications, typical imperative commands only affect small, local regions in the shared heap Chorus addresses dynamism and locality through the unifying abstraction of an object assembly: a local region in a shared data structure equipped with a short-lived, speculative thread of control The thread of control in an assembly can only access objects within the assembly. While objects can migrate from assembly to assembly. such migration is local-i.e., objects only move from one assembly to a neighboring one-and does not lead to aliasing. programming primitives include a merge operation, by which an assembly merges with an adjacent assembly, and a split operation, which splits an assembly into smaller ones Our abstractions are race and deadlock-free, and inherently data-centric. We demonstrate that Chorus and JChorus allow natural programming of several important applications exhibiting irregular data-parallelism. We also present an implementation of JChorus based on a many-to-one mapping of assemblies to lower-level threads, and report on preliminary performance numbers.

关键词： Parallel programming programming abstractions Irregular parallelism Data-parallelism Ownership

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State-of-the-art meets state-of-practice... Practitioner meets researchers... Software Engineering meets programming languages...

Proceedings of the Conference on Object-Oriented Programming...

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Proceedings of the conference on object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications, oopsla 2009年 iii页

作者： Arora, Shail Adayana Inc.

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State-of-the-art meets state-of-practice... Practitioner meets researchers... Software engineering meets programming languages...

Proceedings of the Conference on Object-Oriented Programming...

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Proceedings of the conference on object-oriented programming systems, languages, and applications, oopsla 2009年 iii页

作者： Arora, Shail Adayana Inc.

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The Design of a Task Parallel Library 09

The Design of a Task Parallel Library

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24th Annual ACM conference on object-oriented programming, systems, languages and applications

作者： Leijen, Daan Schulte, Wolfram Burckhardt, Sebastian Microsoft Research Redmond WA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605587349

The Task Parallel Library (TPL) is a library for NET that makes it easy to take advantage of potential parallelism in a program. The library relies heavily on generics and delegate expressions to provide custom control structures expressing structured parallelism such as map-reduce in user programs. The library implementation is built around the notion of a task as a finite CPU-bound computation. To capture the ubiquitous apply-to-all pattern the library also introduces the novel concept of a replicable task. Tasks and replicable tasks are assigned to threads using work stealing techniques, but unlike traditional implementations based on the THE protoco, the library uses a novel data structure called a 'duplicating queue'. A surprising feature of duplicating queues is that they have sequentially inconsistent behavior on architectures with weak memory models, but capture this non-determinism in a benign way by sometimes duplicating elements TPL ships as part of the Microsoft Parallel Extensions for the .NET framework 4 0, and forms the foundation of Parallel LINQ queries (however, note that the productized TPL library may differ in significant ways from the basic design described in this article)

关键词： Domain specific languages parallelism work stealing

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