As more and more innovative applications of wireless sensor networks emerge, the need for deploying heterogeneous sensors with different functionalities and capabilities rise rapidly. In this study, we consider a hete...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0769525539
As more and more innovative applications of wireless sensor networks emerge, the need for deploying heterogeneous sensors with different functionalities and capabilities rise rapidly. In this study, we consider a heterogeneous sensor network containing at least two types of sensors: powerful sensors and normal sensors. Powerful sensors have higher energy and computing capacities, and can communicate with normal senors using the same network interface. Communications between powerful sensors may thus be facilitated by building an overlay on top of the normal sensors. The topology of the overlay is critical. The overlay must have a low diameter to efficiently support upper layer applications such as resource discovery. It must also consider the energy consumption of the relaying normal sensors. In this paper, we propose a distributed overlay formation protocol to achieve the above goals. Through simulation, we compare our protocol with two overlay formation protocols, fully connected graph and minimum spanning tree. The results show that our proposed protocol can achieve better performance both in message latency and energy consumption.
A MAG-mu IMU which is based on MEMS gyroscopes, accelerometers, and magnetometers is developed for real-time estimation of human hand motions. Appropriate filtering, transformation and sensor fusion techniques are com...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781424401390
A MAG-mu IMU which is based on MEMS gyroscopes, accelerometers, and magnetometers is developed for real-time estimation of human hand motions. Appropriate filtering, transformation and sensor fusion techniques are combined in the Ubiquitous Digital Writing Instrument to record handwriting on any surface. In this paper, we discuss the design of an extended Kalman filter based on MAG-mu IMU (Micro Inertial Measurement Unit with Magnetometers) for real-time attitude tracking. The filter utilizes the gyroscope propagation for transient updates and correction by reference field sensors, such as gravity sensors, magnetometers or star trackers. A process model is derived to separate sensor bias and to minimize wideband noise. The attitude calculation is based on quaternion which, when compared to Euler angles, has no singularity problem. Testing with synthetic data and actual sensor data proved the filter will converge and accurately track the attitude of a rigid body. Our goal is to implement this algorithm for motion recognition of a 3D ubiquitous digital pen.
Generally sensor network and wireless ad hoe network use a symmetric key agreement scheme, although this mechanism has some problems, such as key management, complex network deployment and configuration. This is becau...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780394100
Generally sensor network and wireless ad hoe network use a symmetric key agreement scheme, although this mechanism has some problems, such as key management, complex network deployment and configuration. This is because the devices of sensor network have limitations such as power, memory, processor speed and implementation cost. The public key algorithms are considered to be too expensive in term of memory and processing requirements. In Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network (WAN), we propose a new key agreement mechanism using the Security Manager (SM) for public key management based on the EC-MQV algorithm. And also, we define two security levels by means of device's power and security policies in the network. We have measured the performance of this mechanism and at the same time meeting the low implementation cost and low power.
Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a useful material for gassensing applications because of its high surface to volume ratio structure. In this work, multi-wall CNTs are incorporated into tin oxide thin film by the means of pow...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781424401390
Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a useful material for gassensing applications because of its high surface to volume ratio structure. In this work, multi-wall CNTs are incorporated into tin oxide thin film by the means of powder mixing and electron beam evaporation and the enhancement of gas-sensing properties is presented. The CNTs were combined with SnO2 powder with varying concentration in the range of 0.25-5% by weight and electron beam evaporated onto glass substrates. From AFM and TEM characterization, CNT inclusion in SnO2 thin film results in the production of circular cone protrusions of CNT clusters or single tube coated with SnO2 layer. Experimental results indicate that the sensitivity to ethanol of SnO2 thin film increases by the factors of 3-6. However, if the CNT concentration is too high, the sensitivity is decreased. Moreover, the CNT doped film can operate with good sensitivity and stability at a relatively low temperature of 250300 degrees C. The improved gas-sensing properties should The attributed to the increasing of metal oxide surface adsorption area produced by CNT protrusion.
Fully pre-splicing (FPS) is an extension of TCP splicing which is content-blind that prevents the switches from using application layer information for forwarding decisions. FPS extends TCP splicing to support content...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0769526160
Fully pre-splicing (FPS) is an extension of TCP splicing which is content-blind that prevents the switches from using application layer information for forwarding decisions. FPS extends TCP splicing to support content-aware load balancing algorithms and pre-splices the client's connections to web servers. In addition, FPS extracts the application-information in kernel-space for eliminating the cost of moving data twice through user/kernel protection boundaries and the latency of scheduling the processes. To achieve our design, we extended the TCPSP project of LVS using Linux Netfilter which defines specific hooks to provide a verdict for the packet. On the performance results, FPS improves the TCPSP throughput dramatically.
Since data communications consume the most energy of sensor networks, it is reasonable to take efficient traffic balancing to prolong the lifetime. In addition, the traffic aggregation is a main characteristic that di...
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ISBN:
(纸本)3540371893
Since data communications consume the most energy of sensor networks, it is reasonable to take efficient traffic balancing to prolong the lifetime. In addition, the traffic aggregation is a main characteristic that distinguish sensor networks from others e.g. Internet and MANET. Therefore, an optimal traffic distribution will maximize the network lifetime. Furthermore, sensor networks are generally developed for special applications. If different sensor networks deployed in the same region can cooperate with each other in data transmission, their lifetimes can be improved remarkably. In this paper, we propose a genetic algorithm to achieve optimal traffic distribution on multi-sensor networks and show its efficiency by experiments.
An analytical traffic flow model is developed for cluster-based wireless sensor networks. The source-to-sink path is modeled by a number of single-server finite queues linked in tandem. During the process of modeling,...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780394100
An analytical traffic flow model is developed for cluster-based wireless sensor networks. The source-to-sink path is modeled by a number of single-server finite queues linked in tandem. During the process of modeling, both the blocking effect of tandem queuing networks and the impact of connection failure due to limited node power are taken into account. The tandem queuing network is analyzed by decomposing it into individual nodes with modified arrival and service processes and modified queue capacities. The steady-state queue-length distributions of individual nodes are determined iteratively by using the matrix-geometric procedure. A computational algorithm with a global loop from the last node to the first node and local loops in individual nodes is developed to determine the performance metrics, such as source-to-sink throughput (Sst) and source-to-sink delay (SSD), of the tandem network.
In a cellular communication scenario, wireless sensors can be deployed to sense the interference power of the frequency band. In an ideal channel, interference temperature (IT) which is directly proportional to the in...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781424403806
In a cellular communication scenario, wireless sensors can be deployed to sense the interference power of the frequency band. In an ideal channel, interference temperature (IT) which is directly proportional to the interference power can be assumed to vary spatially with. the frequency of the sub channel, We propose a scheme for approximating ITs over an extended C-band (licensed and unused television band) by fitting sub channel frequencies and corresponding ITs to a regression model. Using this model, IT of a random sub channel can be calculated by the base station (BS) for further analysis of the channel interference. Our proposed model based on readings reported by sensors helps in Dynamic Channel Selection (S-DCS) in extended C-band for assignment to unlicensed secondary users. S-DCS maximizes channel utilization and proves to be economic from energy consumption point of view. It also exhibits substantial amount of accuracy with error bound within 6.8%. Again, users are assigned empty, sub channels without actually probing them, incurring minimum delay in the process. Overall channel allocation efficiency is also maximized along with fairness to individual users.
This paper reports a bulk Si micromachined distributed digital microwave phase shifter with butterfly-like loading microbridges. Having a multilayer structure, the bridges use heavily boron-doped single crystal silico...
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ISBN:
(纸本)9781424401390
This paper reports a bulk Si micromachined distributed digital microwave phase shifter with butterfly-like loading microbridges. Having a multilayer structure, the bridges use heavily boron-doped single crystal silicon (SCS) as the skeleton layer, so that the excellent mechanical property of SCS can be utilized to ensure the performance and reliability of the device. The fabrication is shown to be much simpler than surface micromachining which have been widely used by MEMS phase shifters ever reported. A finite-element-method full-wave simulation, was made for the microwave performance validation of this device, the application of which in phase shifter microwave performance analysis has not been reported as far as the authors know. Since Si is used as the skeleton of the bridges, thermal mismatch between all-metal bridge and dielectric substrate is avoided, and reliability at high temperature is guaranteed. Besides, the biasing network is simple to implement and no DC blocking capacitors are needed to realize a multi-bit device. The microwave test results show that a 180 degrees I-bit phase shift has been realized with return loss < 10dB and true time delay performance.
Collecting relevant information from a heterogeneous set of data resources is a challenging problem. Moreover, the storage and search for semantic data is even more complex in mobile environments. In this paper we pre...
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ISBN:
(纸本)0780394100
Collecting relevant information from a heterogeneous set of data resources is a challenging problem. Moreover, the storage and search for semantic data is even more complex in mobile environments. In this paper we present an approach how to collect semantic information by underlying profile settings. We define several profile types and levels where the user's interests are stored. Information retrieval is then executed according to the profile settings. distributed profiles for mobile semantic data exchange can personalize the exchanged information in business settings. This leads to effective data transmission with regard to the mobile (device) context and the business environment, the user is exposed to. Our realization of a prototype confirms the effective semantic data exchange. The evaluation of dynamic profile settings in ad hoc network scenarios verifies our approach experimentally.
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