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Advanced Automata-Based Algorithms for Program Termination Checking 2018

Advanced Automata-Based Algorithms for Program Termination C...

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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Chen, Yu-Fang Heizmann, Matthias Lengal, Ondrej Li, Yong Tsai, Ming-Hsien Turrini, Andrea Zhang, Lijun Acad Sinica Taipei Taiwan Natl Taipei Univ New Taipei Taiwan Univ Freiburg Freiburg Germany Brno Univ Technol FIT IT4Innovat Ctr Excellence Brno Czech Republic Chinese Acad Sci Univ Chinese Acad Sci Inst Software State Key Lab Comp Sci Beijing Peoples R China Chinese Acad Sci Inst Software State Key Lab Comp Sci Beijing Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

In 2014, Heizmann et al. proposed a novel framework for program termination analysis. The analysis starts with a termination proof of a sample path. The path is generalized to a Buchi automaton (BA) whose language (by construction) represents a set of terminating paths. All these paths can be safely removed from the program. The removal of paths is done using automata difference, implemented via BA complementation and intersection. The analysis constructs in this way a set of BAs that jointly "cover" the behavior of the program, thus proving its termination. An implementation of the approach in Ultimate Automizer won the 1st place in the Termination category of SV-Comp 2017. In this paper, we exploit advanced automata-based algorithms and propose several non-trivial improvements of the framework. To alleviate the complementation computation for BAs-one of the most expensive operations in the framework-, we propose a multi-stage generalization construction. We start with generalizations producing subclasses of BAs (such as deterministic BAs) for which efficient complementation algorithms are known, and proceed to more general classes only if necessary. Particularly, we focus on the quite expressive subclass of semideterministic BAs and provide an improved complementation algorithm for this class. Our experimental evaluation shows that the proposed approach significantly improves the power of termination checking within the Ultimate Automizer framework.

关键词： Program Termination Buchi Automata Complementation and language Difference

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Proactive and Adaptive Energy-Aware programming with Mixed Typechecking 2017

Proactive and Adaptive Energy-Aware Programming with Mixed T...

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38th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Canino, Anthony Liu, Yu David SUNY Binghamton Binghamton NY 13902 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349888

Application-level energy management is an important dimension of energy optimization. In this paper, we introduce ENT, a novel programming language for enabling proactive and adaptive mode-based energy management at the application level. The proactive design allows programmers to apply their application knowledge to energy management, by characterizing the energy behavior of different program fragments with modes. The adaptive design allows such characterization to be delayed until run time, useful for capturing dynamic program behavior dependent on program states, configuration settings, external battery levels, or CPU temperatures. The key insight is both proactiveness and adaptiveness can be unified under a type system combined with static typing and dynamic typing. ENT has been implemented as an extension to Java, and successfully ported to three energy-conscious platforms: an Intel-based laptop, a Raspberry Pi, and an Android phone. Evaluation shows ENT improves the programmability, debuggability, and energy efficiency of battery-aware and temperature-aware programs.

关键词： Energy Efficiency Energy-Aware programming Type systems

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Futhark: Purely Functional GPU-programming with Nested Parallelism and In-Place Array Updates 2017

Futhark: Purely Functional GPU-Programming with Nested Paral...

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38th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Henriksen, Troels Serup, Niels G. W. Elsman, Martin Henglein, Fritz Oancea, Cosmin E. Univ Copenhagen DIKU Dept Comp Sci Copenhagen Denmark

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349888

Futhark is a purely functional data-parallel array language that offers a machine-neutral programming model and an optimising compiler that generates OpenCL code for GPUs. This paper presents the design and implementation of three key features of Futhark that seek a suitable middle ground with imperative approaches. First, in order to express efficient code inside the parallel constructs, we introduce a simple type system for in-place updates that ensures referential transparency and supports equational reasoning. Second, we furnish Futhark with parallel operators capable of expressing efficient strength-reduced code, along with their fusion rules. Third, we present a flattening transformation aimed at enhancing the degree of parallelism that (i) builds on loop interchange and distribution but uses higher-order reasoning rather than array-dependence analysis, and (ii) still allows further locality-of-reference optimisations. Finally, an evaluation on 16 benchmarks demonstrates the impact of the language and compiler features and shows application-level performance competitive with hand-written GPU code.

关键词： functional language parallel compilers GPGPU

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FunTAL: Reasonably Mixing a Functional language with Assembly 2017

FunTAL: Reasonably Mixing a Functional Language with Assembl...

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38th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Patterson, Daniel Perconti, Jamie Dimoulas, Christos Ahmed, Amal Northeastern Univ Boston MA 02115 USA Harvard Univ Cambridge MA 02138 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349888

We present FunTAL, the first multi-language system to formalize safe interoperability between a high-level functional language and low-level assembly code while supporting compositional reasoning about the mix. A central challenge in developing such a multi-language is bridging the gap between assembly, which is staged into jumps to continuations, and high-level code, where subterms return a result. We present a compositional stack-based typed assembly language that supports components, comprised of one or more basic blocks, that may be embedded in high-level contexts. We also present a logical relation for FunTAL that supports reasoning about equivalence of high-level components and their assembly replacements, mixed-language programs with callbacks between languages, and assembly components comprised of different numbers of basic blocks.

关键词： multi-language semantics typed assembly language inline assembly contextual equivalence logical relations

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Bringing the Web up to Speed with WebAssembly 2017

Bringing the Web up to Speed with WebAssembly

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38th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Haas, Andreas Rossberg, Andreas Schuff, Derek L. Titzer, Ben L. Holman, Michael Gohman, Dan Wagner, Luke Zakai, Alon Bastien, J. F. Google GmbH Hamburg Germany Google Inc Mountain View CA USA Microsoft Inc Redmond WA USA Mozilla Inc Mountain View CA USA Apple Inc Cupertino CA USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349888

The maturation of the Web platform has given rise to sophisticated and demanding Web applications such as interactive 3D visualization, audio and video software, and games. With that, efficiency and security of code on the Web has become more important than ever. Yet JavaScript as the only built-in language of the Web is not well-equipped to meet these requirements, especially as a compilation target. Engineers from the four major browser vendors have risen to the challenge and collaboratively designed a portable low-level bytecode called WebAssembly. It offers compact representation, efficient validation and compilation, and safe low to no-overhead execution. Rather than committing to a specific programming model, WebAssembly is an abstraction over modern hardware, making it language-, hardware-, and platform-independent, with use cases beyond just the Web. WebAssembly has been designed with a formal semantics from the start. We describe the motivation, design and formal semantics of WebAssembly and provide some preliminary experience with implementations.

关键词： Virtual machines programming languages assembly languages just-in-time compilers type systems

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Network Configuration Synthesis with Abstract Topologies 2017

Network Configuration Synthesis with Abstract Topologies

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38th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Beckett, Ryan Mahajan, Ratul Millstein, Todd Padhye, Jitendra Walker, David Princeton Univ Princeton NJ 08544 USA Intentionet Redmond WA USA Microsoft Redmond WA USA Univ Calif Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90024 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349888

We develop Propane/AT, a system to synthesize provablycorrect BGP (border gateway protocol) configurations for large, evolving networks from high-level specifications of topology, routing policy, and fault-tolerance requirements. Propane/AT is based on new abstractions for capturing parameterized network topologies and their evolution, and algorithms to analyze the impact of topology and routing policy on fault tolerance. Our algorithms operate entirely on abstract topologies. We prove that the properties established by our analyses hold for every concrete instantiation of the given abstract topology. Propane/AT also guarantees that only incremental changes to existing device configurations are required when the network evolves to add or remove devices and links. Our experiments with real-world topologies and policies show that our abstractions and algorithms are effective, and that, for large networks, Propane/AT synthesizes configurations two orders of magnitude faster than systems that operate on concrete topologies.

关键词： Propane/AT Domain-specific language BGP Fault Tolerance Compilation Network Management

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Compiling Markov Chain Monte Carlo Algorithms for Probabilistic Modeling 2017

Compiling Markov Chain Monte Carlo Algorithms for Probabilis...

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38th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Huang, Daniel Tristan, Jean-Baptiste Morrisett, Greg Harvard Univ Cambridge MA 02138 USA Oracle Labs Burlington MA USA Cornell Univ Ithaca NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349888

The problem of probabilistic modeling and inference, at a high-level, can be viewed as constructing a (model, query, inference) tuple, where an inference algorithm implements a query on a model. Notably, the derivation of inference algorithms can be a difficult and error-prone task. Hence, researchers have explored how ideas from probabilistic prog ramming can be applied. In the context of constructing these tuples, probabilistic programming can be seen as taking a language-based approach to probabilistic modeling and inference. For instance, by using (1) appropriate languages for expressing models and queries and (2) devising inference techniques that operate on encodings of models (and queries) as program expressions, the task of inference can be automated. In this paper, we describe a compiler that transforms a probabilistic model written in a restricted modeling language and a query for posterior samples given observed data into a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) inference algorithm that implements the query. The compiler uses a sequence of intermediate languages (ILs) that guide it in gradually and successively refining a declarative specification of a probabilistic model and the query into an executable MCMC inference algorithm. The compilation strategy produces composable MCMC algorithms for execution on a CPU or GPU.

关键词： probabilistic programming intermediate languages Markov-chain Monte Carlo kernels

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Practical Partial Evaluation for High-Performance Dynamic language Runtimes 2017

Practical Partial Evaluation for High-Performance Dynamic La...

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38th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Wurthinger, Thomas Wimmer, Christian Humer, Christian Woess, Andreas Stadler, Lukas Seaton, Chris Duboscq, Gilles Simon, Doug Grimmer, Matthias Oracle Labs Zurich Switzerland Johannes Kepler Univ Linz Inst Syst Software Linz Austria

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349888

Most high-performance dynamic language virtual machines duplicate language semantics in the interpreter, compiler, and runtime system. This violates the principle to not repeat yourself. In contrast, we define languages solely by writing an interpreter. The interpreter performs specializations, e.g., augments the interpreted program with type information and profiling information. Compiled code is derived automatically using partial evaluation while incorporating these specializations. This makes partial evaluation practical in the context of dynamic languages: It reduces the size of the compiled code while still compiling all parts of an operation that are relevant for a particular program. When a speculation fails, execution transfers back to the interpreter, the program re-specializes in the interpreter, and later partial evaluation again transforms the new state of the interpreter to compiled code. We evaluate our approach by comparing our implementations of JavaScript, Ruby, and R with best-inclass specialized production implementations. Our general-purpose compilation system is competitive with production systems even when they have been heavily optimized for the one language they support. For our set of benchmarks, our speedup relative to the V8 JavaScript VM is 0.83x, relative to JRuby is 3.8x, and relative to GNU R is 5x.

关键词： dynamic languages virtual machine language implementation optimization partial evaluation

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Component-Based Synthesis of Table Consolidation and Transformation Tasks from Examples 2017

Component-Based Synthesis of Table Consolidation and Transfo...

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38th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Feng, Yu Martins, Ruben Van Geffen, Jacob Dillig, Isil Chaudhuri, Swarat Univ Texas Austin Austin TX 78712 USA Rice Univ Houston TX 77251 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349888

This paper presents a novel component-based synthesis algorithm that marries the power of type-directed search with lightweight SMT-based deduction and partial evaluation. Given a set of components together with their over-approximate first-order specifications, our method first generates a program sketch over a subset of the components and checks its feasibility using an SMT solver. Since a program sketch typically represents many concrete programs, the use of SMT-based deduction greatly increases the scalability of the algorithm. Once a feasible program sketch is found, our algorithm completes the sketch in a bottom-up fashion, using partial evaluation to further increase the power of deduction for rejecting partially-filled program sketches. We apply the proposed synthesis methodology for automating a large class of data preparation tasks that commonly arise in data science. We have evaluated our synthesis algorithm on dozens of data wrangling and consolidation tasks obtained from on-line forums, and we show that our approach can automatically solve a large class of problems encountered by R users.

关键词： Program synthesis programming by example data preparation Component-based synthesis SMT-based deduction

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Achieving High Coverage for Floating-Point Code via Unconstrained programming 2017

Achieving High Coverage for Floating-Point Code via Unconstr...

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38th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Fu, Zhoulai Su, Zhendong Univ Calif Davis Davis CA 95616 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450349888

Achieving high code coverage is essential in testing, which gives us confidence in code quality. Testing floating-point code usually requires painstaking efforts in handling floating-point constraints, e.g., in symbolic execution. This paper turns the challenge of testing floating-point code into the opportunity of applying unconstrained programming-the mathematical solution for calculating function minimum points over the entire search space. Our core insight is to derive a representing function from the floating-point program, any of whose minimum points is a test input guaranteed to exercise a new branch of the tested program. This guarantee allows us to achieve high coverage of the floating-point program by repeatedly minimizing the representing function. We have realized this approach in a tool called CoverMe and conducted an extensive evaluation of it on Sun's C math library. Our evaluation results show that CoverMe achieves, on average, 90.8% branch coverage in 6.9 seconds, drastically outperforming our compared tools: (1) Random testing, (2) AFL, a highly optimized, robust fuzzer released by Google, and (3) Austin, a state-of-the-art coverage-based testing tool designed to support floating-point code.

关键词： Unconstrained programming Representing Function CoverMe

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