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Higher-Order and Tuple-Based Massively-Parallel Prefix Sums 16

Higher-Order and Tuple-Based Massively-Parallel Prefix Sums

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37th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Maleki, Sepideh Yang, Annie Burtscher, Martin Texas State Univ Dept Comp Sci San Marcos TX 78666 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450342612

Prefix sums are an important parallel primitive, especially in massively-parallel programs. This paper discusses two orthogonal generalizations thereof, which we call higher-order and tuple-based prefix sums. Moreover, it describes and evaluates SAM, a GPU-friendly algorithm for computing prefix sums and other scans that directly supports higher orders and tuple values. Its templated CUDA implementation unifies all of these computations in a single 100-statement kernel. SAM is communication-efficient in the sense that it minimizes main-memory accesses. When computing prefix sums of a million or more values, it outperforms Thrust and CUDPP on both a Titan X and a K40 GPU. On the Titan X, SAM reaches memory-copy speeds for large input sizes, which cannot be surpassed. SAM outperforms CUB, the currently fastest conventional prefix sum implementation, by up to a factor of 2.9 on eighth-order prefix sums and by up to a factor of 2.6 on eight-tuple prefix sums.

关键词： Algorithms Performance design Higher-order prefix sums tuple-based prefix sums carry propagation GPU programming

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Profile guided code positioning 90

Profile guided code positioning

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Proceedings of the acm sigplan '90 conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Pettis, Karl Hansen, Robert C. Hewlett Packard Co California Language Lab Cupertino United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897913647

This paper presents the results of our investigation of code positioning techniques using execution profile data as input into the compilation process. The primary objective of the positioning is to reduce the overhead of the instruction memory hierarchy. After initial investigation in the literature, we decided to implement two prototypes for the Hewlett-Packard Precision Architecture (PA-RISC). The first, built on top of the linker, positions code based on whole procedures. This prototype has the ability to move procedures into an order that is determined by a 'closest is best' strategy. The algorithms we implemented are described through examples in this paper. The performance improvements from our work are also summarized in various tables and charts.

关键词： Computer programming languages

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Efficient context-sensitive pointer analysis for c programs 95

Efficient context-sensitive pointer analysis for c programs

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1995 acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation, pldi 1995

作者： Wilson, Robert P. Lam, Monica S. Computer Systems Laboratory Stanford University CA94305 United States

ISBN: (纸本)0897916972

This paper proposes an efficient technique for con-extsensitive pointer analysis that is applicable to real C programs. For efficiency, we summarize the effects of procedures using partial tran$er func(ions. A partial transfer function (PTF) describes the behavior of a procedure assuming that certain alias relationships hold when it is called. We cart reuse aPTF in many calling contexts as long as the aliases among the inputs to the procedure are the same. Our empirical results demonstrate that this technique is successful-a single PTF per procedure is usually sufficient to obtain completely context-sensitive results. Because many C programs use features such as type casts and pointer arithmetic to circumvent the high-level type system, our algorithm is based on a low-level representation of memory locations that safely handles all the features of C. We have implemented our algorithm in the SUIF compiler system and efficiently for a set of C benchmarks. © 1995 acm.

关键词： C (programming language)

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Event-Driven Network programming 16

Event-Driven Network Programming

引用

37th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： McClurg, Jedidiah Hojjat, Hossein Foster, Nate Cerny, Pavol CU Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA Cornell Univ Ithaca NY 14853 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450342612

Software-defined networking (SDN) programs must simultaneously describe static forwarding behavior and dynamic updates in response to events. Event-driven updates are critical to get right, but difficult to implement correctly due to the high degree of concurrency in networks. Existing SDN platforms offer weak guarantees that can break application invariants, leading to problems such as dropped packets, degraded performance, security violations, etc. This paper introduces event-driven consistent updates that are guaranteed to preserve well-defined behaviors when transitioning between configurations in response to events. We propose network event structures (NESs) to model constraints on updates, such as which events can be enabled simultaneously and causal dependencies between events. We define an extension of the NetKAT language with mutable state, give semantics to stateful programs using NESs, and discuss provably-correct strategies for implementing NESs in SDNs. Finally, we evaluate our approach empirically, demonstrating that it gives well-defined consistency guarantees while avoiding expensive synchronization and packet buffering.

关键词： network update consistent update event structure software-defined networking SDN NetKAT

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Semantic Soundness for language Interoperability 2022

Semantic Soundness for Language Interoperability

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43rd acm sigplan International conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Patterson, Daniel Mushtak, Noble Wagner, Andrew Ahmed, Amal Northeastern Univ Boston MA 02115 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450392655

Programs are rarely implemented in a single language, and thus questions of type soundness should address not only the semantics of a single language, but how it interacts with others. Even between type-safe languages, disparate features can frustrate interoperability, as invariants from one language can easily be violated in the other. In their seminal 2007 paper, Matthews and Findler proposed a multi-language construction that augments the interoperating languages with a pair of boundaries that allow code from one language to be embedded in the other. While this technique has been widely applied, their syntactic source-level interoperability doesn't reflect practical implementations, where the behavior of interaction is only defined after compilation to a common target, and any safety must be ensured by target invariants or inserted target-level "glue code." In this paper, we present a novel framework for the design and verification of sound language interoperability that follows an interoperation-after-compilation strategy. language designers specify what data can be converted between types of the two languages via a convertibility relation tau(A) similar to tau(B) ("tau(A) is convertible to tau(B)") and specify target-level glue code implementing the conversions. Then, by giving a semantic model of source-language types as sets of target-language terms, they can establish not only the meaning of the source types, but also soundness of conversions: i.e., whenever tau(A) similar to tau(B), the corresponding pair of conversions (glue code) convert target terms that behave like tau(A) to target terms that behave like tau(B), and vice versa. With this, they can prove semantic type soundness for the entire system. We illustrate our framework via a series of case studies that demonstrate how our semantic interoperation-after-compilation approach allows us both to account for complex differences in language semantics and make efficiency trade-offs based on particulariti

关键词： language interoperability type soundness semantics logical relations

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CEAL: A C-Based language for Self-Adjusting Computation 09

CEAL: A C-Based Language for Self-Adjusting Computation

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acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Hammer, Matthew A. Acar, Umut A. Chen, Yan Toyota Technol Inst Chicago Chicago IL USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781605583921

Self-adjusting computation offers a language-centric approach to writing programs that can automatically respond to modifications to their data (e.g., inputs). Except for several domain-specific implementations, however, all previous implementations of self-adjusting computation assume mostly functional, higher-order languages such as Standard ML. Prior to this work, it was not known if self-adjusting computation can be made to work with low-level, imperative languages such as C without placing undue burden on the programmer. We describe the design and implementation of CEAL: a C-based language for self-adjusting computation. The language is fully general and extends C with a small number of primitives to enable writing self-adjusting programs in a style similar to conventional C programs. We present efficient compilation techniques for translating CEAL programs into C that can be compiled with existing C compilers using primitives supplied by a run-time library for self-adjusting computation. We implement the proposed compiler and evaluate its effectiveness. Our experiments show that CEAL is effective in practice: compiled self-adjusting programs respond to small modifications to their data by orders of magnitude faster than recomputing from scratch while slowing down a from-scratch run by a moderate constant factor. Compared to previous work, we measure significant space and time improvements.

关键词： Self-adjusting computation compilation control and data flow dominators tail calls trampolines performance

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Maya: Multiple-dispatch syntax extension in Java 02

Maya: Multiple-dispatch syntax extension in Java

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Proceedings of the acm sigplan 2002 conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi'02)

作者： Baker, Jason Hsieh, Wilson C. University of Utah Salt Lake City UT United States

ISBN: (纸本)9781581134636

We have designed and implemented Maya, a vers ion of Java that allows programmers to extend and reinterpret its syntax. Maya generalizes macro systems by treating grammar productions as generic functions, and semantic actions on productions as multimethods on the corresponding generic functions. Programmers can write new generic functions (i.e., grammar productions) and new multimethods (i.e., semantic actions), through which they can extend the grammar of the language and change the semantics of its syntactic constructs, respectively. Maya's multimethods are compile-time metaprograms that transform abstract syntax: they execute at program compile-time, because they are semantic actions executed by the parser. Maya's multimethods can be dispatched on the syntactic structure of the input, as well as the static, source-level types of expressions in the input. In this paper we describe what Maya can do and how it works. We describe how its novel parsing techniques work and how Maya can statically detect certain kinds of errors, such as code that generates references to free variables. Finally, to demonstrate Maya's expressiveness, we describe how Maya can be used to implement the Multi Java language, which was described by Clifton et al. at OOPSLA 2000.

关键词： Java programming language

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CLAP: Recording Local Executions to Reproduce Concurrency Failures

CLAP: Recording Local Executions to Reproduce Concurrency Fa...

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34th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Huang, Jeff Zhang, Charles Dolby, Julian Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol Hong Kong Hong Kong Peoples R China

ISBN: (纸本)9781450320146

We present CLAP, a new technique to reproduce concurrency bugs. CLAP has two key steps. First, it logs thread local execution paths at runtime. Second, offline, it computes memory dependencies that accord with the logged execution and are able to reproduce the observed bug. The second step works by combining constraints from the thread paths and constraints based on a memory model, and computing an execution with a constraint solver. CLAP has four major advantages. First, logging purely local execution of each thread is substantially cheaper than logging memory interactions, which enables CLAP to be efficient compared to previous approaches. Second, our logging does not require any synchronization and hence with no added memory barriers or fences;this minimizes perturbation and missed bugs due to extra synchronizations foreclosing certain racy behaviors. Third, since it uses no synchronization, we extend CLAP to work on a range of relaxed memory models, such as TSO and PSO, in addition to sequential consistency. Fourth, CLAP can compute a much simpler execution than the original one, that reveals the bug with minimal thread context switches. To mitigate the scalability issues, we also present an approach to parallelize constraint solving, which theoretically scales our technique to programs with arbitrary execution length. Experimental results on a variety of multithreaded benchmarks and real world concurrent applications validate these advantages by showing that our technique is effective in reproducing concurrency bugs even under relaxed memory models;furthermore, it is significantly more efficient than a state-of-the-art technique that records shared memory dependencies, reducing execution time overhead by 45% and log size by 88% on average.

关键词： Algorithms design Performance Theory Concurrency Bug Reproduction Local Execution Constraint Solving

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Declarative programming over Eventually Consistent Data Stores 15

Declarative Programming over Eventually Consistent Data Stor...

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36th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation

作者： Sivaramakrishnan, K. C. Kaki, Gowtham Jagannathan, Suresh Univ Cambridge Cambridge CB2 1TN England Purdue Univ W Lafayette IN 47907 USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450334686

User-facing online services utilize geo-distributed data stores to minimize latency and tolerate partial failures, with the intention of providing a fast, always-on experience. However, geo-distribution does not come for free;application developers have to contend with weak consistency behaviors, and the lack of abstractions to composably construct high-level replicated data types, necessitating the need for complex application logic and invariably exposing inconsistencies to the user. Some commercial distributed data stores and several academic proposals provide a lattice of consistency levels, with stronger consistency guarantees incurring increased latency and throughput costs. However, correctly assigning the right consistency level for an operation requires subtle reasoning and is often an error-prone task. In this paper, we present QUELEA, a declarative programming model for eventually consistent data stores (ECDS), equipped with a contract language, capable of specifying fine-grained application-level consistency properties. A contract enforcement system analyses contracts, and automatically generates the appropriate consistency protocol for the method protected by the contract. We describe an implementation of QUELEA on top of an off-the-shelf ECDS that provides support for coordination-free transactions. Several benchmarks including two large web applications, illustrate the effectiveness of our approach.

关键词： languages Performance Eventual Consistency Availability CRDTs Axiomatic Contracts Contract Classification Distributed Transactions SMT solvers Decidable Logic Quelea Cassandra Haskell

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PMAF: An Algebraic Framework for Static Analysis of Probabilistic Programs 2018

PMAF: An Algebraic Framework for Static Analysis of Probabil...

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39th acm sigplan conference on programming language design and implementation (pldi)

作者： Wang, Di Hoffmann, Jan Reps, Thomas Carnegie Mellon Univ Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA Univ Wisconsin Madison WI 53706 USA GrammaTech Inc Ithaca NY USA

ISBN: (纸本)9781450356985

Automatically establishing that a probabilistic program satisfies some property phi is a challenging problem. While a sampling-based approach-which involves running the program repeatedly-can suggest that phi holds, to establish that the program satisfies phi, analysis techniques must be used. Despite recent successes, probabilistic static analyses are still more difficult to design and implement than their deterministic counterparts. This paper presents a framework, called PMAF, for designing, implementing, and proving the correctness of static analyses of probabilistic programs with challenging features such as recursion, unstructured control-flow, divergence, nondeterminism, and continuous distributions. PMAF introduces pre-Markov algebras to factor out common parts of different analyses. To perform interprocedural analysis and to create procedure summaries, PMAF extends ideas from non-probabilistic interprocedural dataflow analysis to the probabilistic setting. One novelty is that PMAF is based on a semantics formulated in terms of a control-flow hypergraph for each procedure, rather than a standard control-flow graph. To evaluate its effectiveness, PMAF has been used to reformulate and implement existing intraprocedural analyses for Bayesian-inference and the Markov decision problem, by creating corresponding interprocedural analyses. Additionally, PMAF has been used to implement a new interprocedural linear expectation-invariant analysis. Experiments with benchmark programs for the three analyses demonstrate that the approach is practical.

关键词： Program analysis probabilistic programming expectation invariant pre-Markov algebra

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